The Astronomical Basis for

Statement of belief: “Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.” (John 17:17 KJV)

Updated 5928± 10 20 2024 [2007-12-31]

The Astronomical Basis for

Fitting this Model of the Crucifixion Week

into Today’s Calendar

Abstract:

By using certain web sites, and other references specified within, one may identify in which years Aviv 14 may have been a Tuesday – as required by this model, which model is founded upon the discovery that the week days of many events are defined within the Greek text of Textus Receptus. The details of the study identifying those years, as based upon specified references, are outlined below:

Possible Crucifixion years, marked in red in the tables below, are defined by the following boundaries:

Chief criteria: Aviv 14 must be a Tuesday, starting Monday night, as based upon Aviv 1 [=> Wed, beginning Tue night] defined as follows:

Aviv, the 1^st moon of the year, is determined based upon whether it occurs between the earliest and latest likely date as follows:

The earliest calculated Nisan 14 found is March 24, and the latest calculated Nisan 14 found is April 26 searching all the 1159 available years between 1580 CE and 2739 CE. (Cf. the Chabad web site's 660 year Hebrew Calendar) [However, notice that these dates are NOT aviv (ripened barley) dependent, which is a potential cause for error. To make up for the potential Aviv ripening variation, one lunation before and one lunation after the ones falling within the above interval are also considered.]

The possible date in a lunar month [biblical moon] is then determined using Fred Espenak's & NASA's Phases of the Moon table for 1 to 100 CE while also considering that the new moon is visible in Jerusalem either the day after astronomical new moon or the next day. If the astronomical new moon occurs after 9 PM Jerusalem solar time then chances are borderline at best for visibility the next day. If the astronomical new moon occurs before noon Jerusalem solar time then visibility is more than likely the following day. Remembering that the time of visibility of the new moon crescent is usually some time between 6 PM and 7 PM, the following statement is helpful in determining the actual New Moon day for a given month:

“In the Near East it takes 16.5 to 42 hours after conjunction [Parker, The Calendars of Ancient Egypt, page 4], depending on whether her movements in relation to her distance from the earth are fast or slow-before the moon becomes visible again in the form of a thin crescent, waxing larger and larger until the time of the full moon.” Horn, Siegfrid, The Chronology of Ezra Seven, p. 11.

Time and Date.com's Calendar for any year since 1 CE is used for determining which weekday that corresponds to a given date (Greenwich Mean Time = UTC) given within Fred Espenak's & NASA's Phases of the Moon table for 1 to 100 CE (Cf. table below!).

[Israel is used for country/time zone. The location for Jerusalem is 31° 46' 00" N 035° 14' 00" E per “GNS Search” at: NGA's web site for geographical names and locations. For sunrise and sunset cf. U.S. Naval Observatory's Sun or Moon Rise/Set Table for One Year for the above Jerusalem coordinates. The correction when changing UT to Jerusalem Solar time is +2 hours and 21 minutes (Cf. L. E. Doggett's & NASA's Calendar web page under Table 3.1.3.)]

Entering these data into the table below yields the results marked in red font below, red bold font for the possible moons within the above interval. Possible Aviv months considered for each year are those listed below under each of the years 15 through 37 CE.

Phases of the Moon: 1 to 100 CE

Year New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter Delta T

(Inserted. Cf. References above) Weekday (of full moon) Date of Aviv 14 (Day)

and corresp. Weekdays for Aviv 14

Feb 7 17:20 Feb 14 12:24 12 Feb 22 14:59 Mar 2 11:38 Feb 22/23

Fri/Sat

Mar 9 02:35 T Mar 16 03:21 1 Mar 24 07:48 p Mar 31 19:49 March 24(/25)

Sun(/Mon)

Apr 7 11:32 Apr 14 19:45 2 Apr 22 21:57 Apr 30 01:28 April 22/23

Mon/Tue

Feb 26 19:13 T Mar 4 10:37 13 Mar 12 08:20 n Mar 20 09:48 March (12)/13

(Thu)/Fri

Mar 27 03:48 Apr 2 22:01 1 Apr 11 00:56 Apr 18 20:07 April 11

Sat

Apr 25 11:19 May 2 11:33 2 May 10 15:45 May 18 03:25 May 10/11

Sun/Mon

Feb 15 09:36 A Feb 22 03:48 12 Mar 1 10:17 Mar 9 12:55 March 2

Tue

Mar 16 20:11 Mar 23 10:52 1 Mar 31 01:27 Apr 8 05:10 Mar(31)/Apr 1

(Wed)/Thu

Apr 15 04:23 Apr 21 19:16 2 Apr 29 16:45 May 7 18:00 April 30

Fri

Mar 6 08:07 Mar 13 07:19 13 Mar 20 06:40 Mar 28 04:11 March 21(22)

Mon(Tue)

Apr 4 19:18 Apr 11 12:58 1 Apr 18 19:06 Apr 26 21:49 April (19)/20

(Tue)/Wed

May 4 03:54 May 10 19:03 2 May 18 08:38 May 26 12:49 May 19

Thu

Feb 23 12:41 Mar 3 03:32 12 Mar 9 18:50 Mar 17 00:34 March 10/11

Fri/Sat

Mar 25 04:00 Apr 1 10:42 1 Apr 8 04:06 Apr 15 18:33 April 9

Sun

Apr 23 16:24 Apr 30 15:54 2 May 7 14:11 May 15 12:16 May 8/9

Mon/Tue

Feb 12 12:28 Feb 20 15:40 12 Feb 27 10:54 Mar 5 04:00 Feb 27/28

Tue/Wed

Mar 13 05:48 Mar 21 04:02 1 Mar 27 18:59 Apr 3 17:48 March 28

Thu

Apr 11 21:43 Apr 19 12:33 2 Apr 26 02:47 May 3 09:12 April (26)/27

(Fri)/Sat

Mar 2 06:15 Mar 10 10:59 13 Mar 17 11:42 Mar 24 02:54 March 17(18)

Mon(Tue)

Mar 31 22:12 Apr 9 01:20 1 Apr 15 19:31 Apr 22 13:06 April (15)/16

(Tue)/Wed

Apr 30 14:09 May 8 11:47 2 May 15 02:43 t May 22 01:17 May 15/16

Thu/Fri

Feb 19 12:10 Feb 27 08:29 12 Mar 7 01:38 Mar 13 21:24 March 6/7

Fri/Sat

Mar 21 01:05 Mar 29 03:20 1 Apr 5 11:50 Apr 12 03:31 April 5

Sun

Apr 19 15:11 A Apr 27 19:20 2 May 4 20:05 t May 11 10:34 May 4/5

Mon/Tue

Feb 9 00:50 Feb 16 04:57 13 Feb 24 08:53 Mar 3 18:38 Feb 24

Wed

Mar 10 10:55 Mar 17 23:24 1 Mar 25 23:14 n Apr 2 00:31 March 25/26

Thu/Fri

Apr 8 21:40 H Apr 16 17:39 2 Apr 24 10:43 n May 1 05:13 April (23)/24

(Fri)/Sat

Feb 28 02:09 Mar 5 23:26 13 Mar 14 03:15 p Mar 21 20:06 March 14

Tue

Mar 28 10:58 T Apr 4 14:48 1 Apr 12 18:43 Apr 20 02:48 April 12/13

Wed/Thu

Apr 26 19:46 May 4 07:28 2 May 12 07:25 May 19 07:41 May (11)/12

(Thu)/Fri

Feb 16 18:31 P Feb 23 09:46 Sat Mar 3 03:17 t Mar 11 06:58 March 3

Sat

Mar 18 03:43 P Mar 24 19:52 Sun Apr 1 20:13 Apr 9 19:06 April 2(3)

Mon(Tue)

Apr 16 11:30 Apr 23 07:58 Tue May 1 11:54 May 9 03:50 May 1/2

Tue/Wed

Mar 7 19:14 Mar 14 11:22 Thu Mar 21 21:24 Mar 30 00:54 March 22

Fri

Apr 6 04:25 Apr 12 18:41 Sat Apr 20 12:27 Apr 28 15:28 April 21

Sun

Feb 25 05:09 Mar 4 08:30 Tue Mar 11 04:38 Mar 18 22:03 March 12

Wed

Mar 26 17:53 Apr 2 14:14 Wed Apr 9 16:21 Apr 17 16:31 April 10/11

Thu/Fri

Apr 25 03:35 May 1 19:46 Fri May 9 05:03 May 17 08:55 May 10

Sat

Feb 14 07:43 Feb 22 02:57 12 Feb 28 18:18 Mar 6 19:29 Feb 29

Sun

Mar 15 00:21 Mar 22 11:29 Mon Mar 29 03:16 Apr 5 12:49 March 30

Tue

Apr 13 14:06 Apr 20 17:27 Tue Apr 27 12:35 May 5 06:38 April 28/29

Wed/Thu

Mar 4 00:54 Mar 12 02:11 Fri Mar 18 19:04 Mar 25 14:20 March 19(20)

Sat(Sun)

Apr 2 17:24 Apr 10 12:33 Sun Apr 17 02:41 Apr 24 04:40 April 17/18

Sun/Mon

May 2 08:19 May 9 19:30 Mon May 16 10:33 May 23 20:29 May 17

Tue

Feb 21 02:17 Mar 1 05:55 Wed Mar 8 11:20 Mar 15 02:26 March 8

Wed

Mar 22 17:42 Mar 30 22:14 Thu Apr 6 19:38 Apr 13 11:30 April 6/7

Thu/Fri

Apr 21 09:32 Apr 29 10:35 Sat May 6 02:55 May 12 22:21 May 6/(7)

Sat/(Sun)

Mar 11 22:17 Mar 19 21:36 Tue Mar 27 10:52 Apr 3 04:27 March (26)/27

(Mon)/Tue

Apr 10 11:29 Apr 18 15:02 Wed Apr 25 19:56 p May 2 10:38 April 25/26

Wed/Thu

Feb 29 09:52 Mar 7 17:41 Sat Mar 15 20:07 Mar 23 01:56 March 15/16

Sat/Sun

Mar 29 19:57 P Apr 6 11:53 Mon Apr 14 08:57 t Apr 21 06:54 April (13)/14

(Sun)/Mon

Apr 28 06:57 P May 6 05:33 Tue May 13 19:06 May 20 11:29 May 13

Tue

Feb 18 01:46 Feb 24 20:16 Wed Mar 4 22:15 Mar 12 19:33 March 5

Thu

Mar 19 10:36 T Mar 26 10:28 Fri Apr 3 14:47 p Apr 11 03:41 April 3/4

Fri/Sat

Apr 17 19:06 Apr 25 02:15 Sun May 3 04:51 May 10 09:16 May 2/3

Sat/Sun

Mar 9 03:23 T Mar 15 18:33 Tue Mar 23 15:20 n Mar 31 17:10 March 24

Wed

Apr 7 11:39 Apr 14 05:14 Thu Apr 22 07:35 Apr 30 03:32 April 22/23

Thu/Fri

Feb 26 17:40 A Mar 5 12:18 Sat Mar 12 17:44 Mar 20 19:50 March 13/14

Sun/Mon

Mar 28 04:02 Apr 3 18:49 Mon Apr 11 08:20 Apr 19 12:00 April 12

Tue

Apr 26 12:01 May 3 02:39 Tue May 10 23:15 May 19 00:58 May 11/12

Wed/Thu

Feb 16 01:22 P Feb 23 09:26 Thu Mar 1 02:59 Mar 8 15:53 March 2

Fri

Mar 16 15:43 Mar 23 15:36 Fri Mar 30 14:07 Apr 7 10:43 Mar 31/Apr 1

Sat/Sun

Apr 15 02:46 Apr 21 20:55 Sun Apr 29 02:00 May 7 04:13 April 30(May 1)

Mon(Tue)

Mar 5 20:02 Mar 13 11:39 Wed Mar 20 02:46 Mar 27 07:27 March (20)/21

(Wed)/Thu

Apr 4 11:08 Apr 11 18:42 Thu Apr 18 11:32 Apr 26 00:54 April 19/20

Fri/Sat

May 3 23:29 May 10 23:45 Sat May 17 21:12 May 25 18:26 May (18)/19

(Sat)/Sun

Year New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter Delta T

Phases of the Moon: 1 to 100

Permission [of the above table] is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC"

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