שׁנתים - "Two years"

Statement of belief: “Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.” (John 17:17 KJV)

Updated 5928± 08 07 2024 [2007-10-20]

שׁנתים - "Two years"

What does it mean?

- "Two full years" (as usually translated)

"one year plus" or “second year” - as required for the passages to compute correctly

plural of שׁנת "sleep?"

________________________

These are all (7) the biblical text passages:

Gen 11:10 אלה תולדת שׁם שׁם בן־מאת שׁנה ויולד את־ארפכשׁד שׁנתים אחר המבול׃

Gen 11:10 These⁴²⁸ are the generations⁸⁴³⁵ of Shem:⁸⁰³⁵ Shem⁸⁰³⁵ was a hundred³⁹⁶⁷ years⁸¹⁴¹ old,¹¹²¹ and begot³²⁰⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ Arphaxad⁷⁷⁵ two years⁸¹⁴¹ after³¹⁰ the flood:³⁹⁹⁹

Gen 41:1 ויהי מקץ שׁנתים ימים ופרעה חלם והנה עמד על־היאר׃

Gen 41:1 And it came to pass¹⁹⁶¹ at the end^{4480, 7093} of two full years,^{8141, 3117} that Pharaoh⁶⁵⁴⁷ dreamed:²⁴⁹² and, behold,²⁰⁰⁹ he stood⁵⁹⁷⁵ by⁵⁹²¹ the river.²⁹⁷⁵

Gen 45:6 כי־זה שׁנתים הרעב בקרב הארץ ועוד חמשׁ שׁנים אשׁר אין־חרישׁ וקציר׃

Gen 45:6 For³⁵⁸⁸ these²⁰⁸⁸ two years⁸¹⁴¹ hath the famine⁷⁴⁵⁸ been in⁷¹³⁰ the land:⁷⁷⁶ and yet⁵⁷⁵⁰ there are five²⁵⁶⁸ years,⁸¹⁴¹ in the which⁸³⁴ there shall neither³⁶⁹ be earing²⁷⁵⁸ nor harvest.⁷¹⁰⁵

2Sa 14:28 וישׁב אבשׁלום בירושׁלם שׁנתים ימים ופני המלך לא ראה׃

2Sa 14:28 So Absalom⁵³ dwelt³⁴²⁷ two full years^{8141, 3117} in Jerusalem,³³⁸⁹ and saw⁷²⁰⁰ not³⁸⁰⁸ the king's⁴⁴²⁸ face.⁶⁴⁴⁰

Jer 28:3 בעוד שׁנתים ימים אני משׁיב אל־המקום הזה את־כל־כלי בית יהוה אשׁר לקח נבוכדנאצר מלך־בבל מן־המקום הזה ויביאם בבל׃

Jer 28:3 Within⁵⁷⁵⁰ two full years^{8141, 3117} will I⁵⁸⁹ bring again⁷⁷²⁵ into⁴¹³ this²⁰⁰⁸ place⁴⁷²⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ all³⁶⁰⁵ the vessels³⁶²⁷ of the LORD's³⁰⁶⁸ house,¹⁰⁰⁴ that⁸³⁴ Nebuchadnezzar⁵⁰¹⁹ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Babylon⁸⁹⁴ took away³⁹⁴⁷ from⁴⁴⁸⁰ this²⁰⁰⁸ place,⁴⁷²⁵ and carried⁹³⁵ them to Babylon:⁸⁹⁴

Jer 28:11 ויאמר חנניה לעיני כל־העם לאמר כה אמר יהוה ככה אשׁבר את־על נבכדנאצר מלך־בבל בעוד שׁנתים ימים מעל־צואר כל־הגוים וילך ירמיה הנביא לדרכו׃

Jer 28:11 And Hananiah²⁶⁰⁸ spoke⁵⁵⁹ in the presence⁵⁸⁶⁹ of all³⁶⁰⁵ the people,⁵⁹⁷¹ saying,⁵⁵⁹ Thus³⁵⁴¹ saith⁵⁵⁹ the LORD;³⁰⁶⁸ Even so³⁶⁰² will I break⁷⁶⁶⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ the yoke⁵⁹²³ of Nebuchadnezzar⁵⁰¹⁹ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Babylon⁸⁹⁴ from^{4480, 5921} the neck⁶⁶⁷⁷ of all³⁶⁰⁵ nations¹⁴⁷¹ within the space of⁵⁷⁵⁰ two full years.^{8141, 3117} And the prophet⁵⁰³⁰ Jeremiah³⁴¹⁴ went¹⁹⁸⁰ his way.¹⁸⁷⁰

Amo 1:1 דברי עמוס אשׁר־היה בנקדים מתקוע אשׁר חזה על־ישׂראל בימי עזיה מלך־יהודה ובימי ירבעם בן־יואשׁ מלך ישׂראל שׁנתים לפני הרעשׁ׃

Amo 1:1 The words¹⁶⁹⁷ of Amos,⁵⁹⁸⁶ who⁸³⁴ was¹⁹⁶¹ among the herdsmen⁵³⁴⁹ of Tekoa,^{4480, 8620} which⁸³⁴ he saw²³⁷² concerning⁵⁹²¹ Israel³⁴⁷⁸ in the days³¹¹⁷ of Uzziah⁵⁸¹⁸ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Judah,³⁰⁶³ and in the days³¹¹⁷ of Jeroboam³³⁷⁹ the son¹¹²¹ of Joash³¹⁰¹ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Israel,³⁴⁷⁸ two years⁸¹⁴¹ before⁶⁴⁴⁰ the earthquake.⁷⁴⁹⁴

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Shilo Pocket

Dictionary

definitions:

שׁנית: for the second time; again

שׁנימ: two

שׁתימ: two

שׁנת: sleep

שׁנת: notch

שׁנתי: yearly, annual

___________

Strong's Dictionary:

H8141

שׁנה שׁנה

shâneh shânâh

shaw-neh', shaw-naw'

(The first form being in plural only, the second form being feminine); from H8138; a year (as a revolution of time): - + whole age, X long, + old, year (X -ly).

H8138

שׁנה

shânâh

shaw-naw'

A primitive root; to fold, that is, duplicate (literally or figuratively (); by implication to transmute (transitively or intransitively): - do (speak, strike) again, alter, double, (be given to) change, disguise, (be) diverse, pervert, prefer, repeat, return, do the second time.

H8150

שׁנן

shânan

shaw-nan'

A primitive root; to point (transitively or intransitively); intensively to pierce; figuratively to inculcate: - prick, sharp (-en), teach diligently, whet.

H8145

שׁני

shênîy

shay-nee'

From H8138; properly double, that is, second; also adverbially again: - again, either [of them], (an-) other, second (time).

H8147

שׁתּים שׁנים

sh^enayim sh^ettayim

shen-ah'-yim, shet-tah'-yim

(The first form being dual of H8145; the second form being feminine); two; also (as ordinal) twofold: - both, couple, double, second, twain, + twelfth, + twelve, + twenty (sixscore) thousand, twice, two.

H8127

שׁן

shên

shane'

From H8150; a tooth (as sharp); specifically (for H8143) ivory; figuratively a cliff: - crag, X forefront, ivory, X sharp, tooth.

H8128

שׁן

shên

shane

(Chaldee); corresponding to H8127; a tooth: - tooth.

H8129

שׁן

shên

shane

The same as H8127; crag; Shen, a palce in Palestine: - Shen.

H8130

שׂנא

śânê'

saw-nay'

A primitive root; to hate (personally): - enemy, foe, (be) hate (-ful, -r), odious, X utterly.

H8131

שׂנא

ś^enê'

sen-ay'

(Chaldee); corresponding to H8130: - hate.

________

Compare these words:

H8139

שׁנה

sh^enâh

shen-aw'

(Chaldee); corresponding to H8142: - sleep.

H8140

שׁנה

sh^enâh

shen-aw'

(Chaldee); corresponding to H8141: - year.

H8141

שׁנה שׁנה

shâneh shânâh

shaw-neh', shaw-naw'

(The first form being in plural only, the second form being feminine); from H8138; a year (as a revolution of time): - + whole age, X long, + old, year (X -ly).

H8142

שׁנא שׁנה

shênâh shênâ'

shay-naw', shay-naw'

(The second form used in Psa_127:2); from H3462; sleep: - sleep.

H8153

שׁנת

sh^enâth

shen-awth'

From H3462; sleep: - sleep.

H3462

ישׁן

yâshên

yaw-shane'

A primitive root; properly to be slack or languid, that is, (by implication) sleep (figuratively to die); also to grow old, stale or inveterate: - old (store), remain long, (make to) sleep.

H3463

ישׁן

yâshên

yaw-shane'

From H3462; sleepy: - asleep, (one out of) sleep (-eth, -ing), slept.

H3465

ישׁן

yâshân

yaw-shawn'

From H3462; old: - old.

___________

What's the common denominator in all these Hebrew words?

Isn't it שׁן, tooth?

What does a tooth do? How about:

-Divide in two?

-Duplicate? -

-Fold?

-Reduplicate?

-Revolution in time?

Thus "two" is inherent in the word, is it not?

What does sleep do?

Does it not divide one day from another?

What is a year if not a reduplication of seasons?

But, perhaps more importantly, does the dividing of a period of time necessarily divide it into two complete entities, or may a division occur before both periods of time have come to completion? I.e. do I have to wait until the last, current, or second year has come to its completion before I identify it in terms separating it from its predecessor, i.e. from the prior year(s).

Similarly perhaps, do I have to completely separate myself from my beloved family members before I may identify myself as one, as unique, as me, myself, or I? I.e. what is the meaning of the word "hate?"

___________

Let's look at some computations associated with the word שׁנתים!

Was Arphaxad born...

a) two full years after the end of the flood?

b) two full years after the beginning of the flood?

c) more than one full year after the end of the flood?

d) in the second year after the end of the flood?

e) more than one full year after the beginning of the flood?

f) in the second year after the beginning of the flood?

Can it be determined which of the above, a-f, is the one and only correct numerical translation, and with it, which is the only one and the necessary meaning of the Hebrew word שׁנתים?

Gen 5:32 And Noah⁵¹⁴⁶ was¹⁹⁶¹ five²⁵⁶⁸ hundred³⁹⁶⁷ years⁸¹⁴¹ old:¹¹²¹ and Noah⁵¹⁴⁶ begot³²⁰⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ Shem,⁸⁰³⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ Ham,²⁵²⁶ and Japheth.³³¹⁵

Gen 7:6 And Noah⁵¹⁴⁶ was six⁸³³⁷ hundred³⁹⁶⁷ years⁸¹⁴¹ old¹¹²¹ when the flood³⁹⁹⁹ of waters⁴³²⁵ was¹⁹⁶¹ upon⁵⁹²¹ the earth.⁷⁷⁶

Gen 11:10 These⁴²⁸ are the generations⁸⁴³⁵ of Shem:⁸⁰³⁵ Shem⁸⁰³⁵ was a hundred³⁹⁶⁷ years⁸¹⁴¹ old,¹¹²¹ and begot³²⁰⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ Arphaxad⁷⁷⁵ two years⁸¹⁴¹ after³¹⁰ the flood:³⁹⁹⁹

If Shem was "a hundred years old" one hundred years after "Noah was five hundred years old..." when he, Noah, "begot Shem," then Noah was six hundred years old when Shem was one hundred years old, wasn't he?!

But then "Shem was a hundred years old" while at the same time "Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth," wasn't he?

It follows from the above that the event described by the words "Shem... begot³²⁰⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ Arphaxad⁷⁷⁵ two years⁸¹⁴¹ after³¹⁰ the flood" is simultaneous with the event described: "when the flood of waters was upon the earth," does it not?

Isn't this translation inconsistent with itself? It is, isn't it!? Or else, how can Shem have been “a hundred years old… two years after the flood?”

However, considering the further details given in the text, i.e.:

Gen 7:11 In the six⁸³³⁷ hundredth³⁹⁶⁷ year⁸¹⁴¹ of Noah's⁵¹⁴⁶ life,²⁴¹⁶ in the second⁸¹⁴⁵ month,²³²⁰ the seventeenth^{7651, 6240} day³¹¹⁷ of the month,²³²⁰ the same²³²⁰ day³¹¹⁷ were all³⁶⁰⁵ the fountains⁴⁵⁹⁹ of the great⁷²²⁷ deep⁸⁴¹⁵ broken up,¹²³⁴ and the windows⁶⁹⁹ of heaven⁸⁰⁶⁴ were opened.⁶⁶⁰⁵

We notice that Noah was not yet 600 years old, but 599 years old when the flood began. Likewise Shem was at that time not 100, but 99 years old. The year following that one began when Noah became 600 years old and Shem became 100 years old and "when the flood of waters was upon the earth," did it not?

This same latter year is not "two years⁸¹⁴¹ after³¹⁰ the flood" began or ended then, is it?

The question then remaining is:

Re (Gen. 7:6:)

i) Is it true that “the flood of waters was upon the earth” more than one full year after the beginning of the flood? (I.e. after the 17^th day of the 2^nd month in the year following the calendar year within which the flood began?)

OR,

ii) is it true that “the flood of waters was upon the earth” in the second year after the beginning of the flood? (I.e. in Noah’s 602^nd year of life?)

OR ELSE,

iii) is it true the “the flood of waters was upon the earth” in that year which began upon the completion of the calendar year during which the flood began? (I.e. that year which began within the Seventh Month?)

Gen 7:11 In the six⁸³³⁷ hundredth³⁹⁶⁷ year⁸¹⁴¹ of Noah's⁵¹⁴⁶ life,²⁴¹⁶ in the second⁸¹⁴⁵ month,²³²⁰ the seventeenth^{7651, 6240} day³¹¹⁷ of the month,²³²⁰ the same²³²⁰ day³¹¹⁷ were all³⁶⁰⁵ the fountains⁴⁵⁹⁹ of the great⁷²²⁷ deep⁸⁴¹⁵ broken up,¹²³⁴ and the windows⁶⁹⁹ of heaven⁸⁰⁶⁴ were opened.⁶⁶⁰⁵

Gen 8:13 And it came to pass¹⁹⁶¹ in the six⁸³³⁷ hundredth³⁹⁶⁷ and first²⁵⁹ year,⁸¹⁴¹ in the first⁷²²³ month, the first²⁵⁹ day of the month,²³²⁰ the waters⁴³²⁵ were dried up²⁷¹⁷ from off^{4480, 5921} the earth:⁷⁷⁶ and Noah⁵¹⁴⁶ removed⁵⁴⁹³ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ the covering⁴³⁷² of the ark,⁸³⁹² and looked,⁷²⁰⁰ and, behold,²⁰⁰⁹ the face⁶⁴⁴⁰ of the ground¹²⁷ was dry.²⁷¹⁷

Gen 8:14 And in the second⁸¹⁴⁵ month,²³²⁰ on the seven⁷⁶⁵¹ and twentieth⁶²⁴² day³¹¹⁷ of the month,²³²⁰ was the earth⁷⁷⁶ dried.³⁰⁰¹

I find that the last options i) and ii) above are false, whereas option iii) holds true! Thus our question above is resolved, and the only viable answer is:

Arphaxad was born...

f) in the second year after the beginning of the flood! (I.e. in that calendar year which began upon the completion of the calendar year within which the flood began.)

In fact, because it is not really true that “the flood of waters was upon the earth” (Gen 7:6) in the 1^st month of the 601^st year while the same statement is true for the 7^th month in the 600^th year, it seems Gen 8:3-4, 13 may be evidence that Noah’s years were counted starting with (or within!) the 7^th month, not with the 1^st month, doesn’t it?:

Gen 8:3 And the waters⁴³²⁵ returned⁷⁷²⁵ from off^{4480, 5921} the earth⁷⁷⁶ continually:^{1980, 7725} and after the end^{4480, 7097} of the hundred³⁹⁶⁷ and fifty²⁵⁷² days³¹¹⁷ the waters⁴³²⁵ were abated.²⁶³⁷

Gen 8:4 And the ark⁸³⁹² rested⁵¹¹⁷ in the seventh⁷⁶³⁷ month,²³²⁰ on the seventeenth^{7651, 6240} day³¹¹⁷ of the month,²³²⁰ upon⁵⁹²¹ the mountains²⁰²² of Ararat.⁷⁸⁰

Gen 8:5 And the waters⁴³²⁵ decreased²⁶³⁷ continually^{1961, 1980} until⁵⁷⁰⁴ the tenth⁶²²⁴ month:²³²⁰ in the tenth⁶²²⁴ month, on the first²⁵⁹ day of the month,²³²⁰ were the tops⁷²¹⁸ of the mountains²⁰²² seen.⁷²⁰⁰

[A spin off study re the length of the year: Consider Gen. 8:5, 6, 10, 12, and 13! Then add these time periods one by one: 10 months + 40 days + 1 day of action + 7 days + 1 day of action + 7 days = completion of the year and the beginning of the 1^st month of the next year! But 40+1+7+1+7=56 and 56 days / 2 = 28 days. This is evidence for the length of the month at that time being exactly 28 days (Notice: Exactly 4 x 7 days for each lunar month! Not as now when the lunar month is 29.5 days long.) and at least that particular year of the flood being counted as 12 months long. It is important to recognize that the length of the months thus recorded as 28 days long pertains to the situation after the flood, not necessarily before or during the flood, and that the situation could have changed during the flood in consequence of whatever the mechanism instrumental in causing the flood. In fact, this detail of the story may represent a most important record to take notice of! Additionally, I notice that the one sign of the spring mentioned in the text is the olive leaf plucked off by the dove. How does this sign correlate to the ripening of the aviv as a sign preceding the beginning of the First Moon of the year per the instructions given us by Mose?]

Next let's consider a second biblical usage of the Hebrew word שׁנתים:

Gen 41:30 And there shall arise⁶⁹⁶⁵ after³¹⁰ them seven⁷⁶⁵¹ years⁸¹⁴¹ of famine;⁷⁴⁵⁸ and all³⁶⁰⁵ the plenty⁷⁶⁴⁷ shall be forgotten⁷⁹¹¹ in the land⁷⁷⁶ of Egypt;⁴⁷¹⁴ and the famine⁷⁴⁵⁸ shall consume³⁶¹⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ the land;⁷⁷⁶

Gen 45:6 For³⁵⁸⁸ these²⁰⁸⁸ two years⁸¹⁴¹ hath the famine⁷⁴⁵⁸ been in⁷¹³⁰ the land:⁷⁷⁶ and yet⁵⁷⁵⁰ there are five²⁵⁶⁸ years,⁸¹⁴¹ in the which⁸³⁴ there shall neither³⁶⁹ be earing²⁷⁵⁸ nor harvest.⁷¹⁰⁵

Most people know that 2+5=7. Thus, we are left with three options:

a) These words by Joseph were spoken exactly at the beginning of the third year of the years of famine, i.e. at sunset a few minutes before the New Moon crescent was yet to be seen, if a Hebrew or Babylonian calendar was referenced by Joseph, or else at sunrise of the Egyptian New Years day.

b) The above words by Joseph were spoken in reference to the then current second year of the famine.

Though option a) may be theoretically possible, it is not likely, is it?

Option b), on the other hand, is perfectly consistent with what is possible and likely in the real world, while also consistent with the usage of the same word in Genesis chapters 5, 7, and 11 above, is it not? It is!

Thus, we have confirmation from within Genesis itself that the Hebrew word שׁנתים, means not "two full years" but "in the second year," or even more correctly, in that calendar year that follows upon the completion of “the first year.”

____________

Consistent with the above, the passages originally quoted above are probably more correctly translated as follows:

Gen 11:10 אלה תולדת שׁם שׁם בן־מאת שׁנה ויולד את־ארפכשׁד שׁנתים אחר המבול׃

Gen 11:10 These⁴²⁸ are the generations⁸⁴³⁵ of Shem:⁸⁰³⁵ Shem⁸⁰³⁵ was a hundred³⁹⁶⁷ years⁸¹⁴¹ old,¹¹²¹ and begot³²⁰⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ Arphaxad⁷⁷⁵ in the year following⁸¹⁴¹ after³¹⁰ the beginning of the flood:³⁹⁹⁹

Gen 41:1 ויהי מקץ שׁנתים ימים ופרעה חלם והנה עמד על־היאר׃

Gen 41:1 And it came to pass¹⁹⁶¹ following the tail end^{4480, 7093} of the completed first year,^{8141, 3117} that Pharaoh⁶⁵⁴⁷ dreamed:²⁴⁹² and, behold,²⁰⁰⁹ he stood⁵⁹⁷⁵ by⁵⁹²¹ the river.²⁹⁷⁵

Gen 45:6 כי־זה שׁנתים הרעב בקרב הארץ ועוד חמשׁ שׁנים אשׁר אין־חרישׁ וקציר׃

Gen 45:6 For³⁵⁸⁸ this²⁰⁸⁸ second consecutive year⁸¹⁴¹ hath the famine⁷⁴⁵⁸ been in⁷¹³⁰ the land:⁷⁷⁶ and yet⁵⁷⁵⁰ there are five²⁵⁶⁸ years,⁸¹⁴¹ in the which⁸³⁴ there shall neither³⁶⁹ be earing²⁷⁵⁸ nor harvest.⁷¹⁰⁵

2Sa 14:28 וישׁב אבשׁלום בירושׁלם שׁנתים ימים ופני המלך לא ראה׃

2Sa 14:28 So Absalom⁵³ dwelt³⁴²⁷ until past the completion of calendar year^{8141, 3117} in Jerusalem,³³⁸⁹ and saw⁷²⁰⁰ not³⁸⁰⁸ the king's⁴⁴²⁸ face.⁶⁴⁴⁰

Jer 28:3 Within⁵⁷⁵⁰ the next calendar year^{8141, 3117} will I⁵⁸⁹ bring again⁷⁷²⁵ into⁴¹³ this²⁰⁰⁸ place⁴⁷²⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ all³⁶⁰⁵ the vessels³⁶²⁷ of the LORD's³⁰⁶⁸ house,¹⁰⁰⁴ that⁸³⁴ Nebuchadnezzar⁵⁰¹⁹ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Babylon⁸⁹⁴ took away³⁹⁴⁷ from⁴⁴⁸⁰ this²⁰⁰⁸ place,⁴⁷²⁵ and carried⁹³⁵ them to Babylon:⁸⁹⁴

Jer 28:11 And Hananiah²⁶⁰⁸ spoke⁵⁵⁹ in the presence⁵⁸⁶⁹ of all³⁶⁰⁵ the people,⁵⁹⁷¹ saying,⁵⁵⁹ Thus³⁵⁴¹ saith⁵⁵⁹ the LORD;³⁰⁶⁸ Even so³⁶⁰² will I break⁷⁶⁶⁵ ⁽⁸⁵³⁾ the yoke⁵⁹²³ of Nebuchadnezzar⁵⁰¹⁹ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Babylon⁸⁹⁴ from^{4480, 5921} the neck⁶⁶⁷⁷ of all³⁶⁰⁵ nations¹⁴⁷¹ within⁵⁷⁵⁰ the next calendar year.^{8141, 3117} And the prophet⁵⁰³⁰ Jeremiah³⁴¹⁴ went¹⁹⁸⁰ his way.¹⁸⁷⁰

Amo 1:1 The words¹⁶⁹⁷ of Amos,⁵⁹⁸⁶ who⁸³⁴ was¹⁹⁶¹ among the herdsmen⁵³⁴⁹ of Tekoa,^{4480, 8620} which⁸³⁴ he saw²³⁷² concerning⁵⁹²¹ Israel³⁴⁷⁸ in the days³¹¹⁷ of Uzziah⁵⁸¹⁸ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Judah,³⁰⁶³ and in the days³¹¹⁷ of Jeroboam³³⁷⁹ the son¹¹²¹ of Joash³¹⁰¹ king⁴⁴²⁸ of Israel,³⁴⁷⁸ during the calendar year⁸¹⁴¹ preceding⁶⁴⁴⁰ the earthquake.⁷⁴⁹⁴

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