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Created 5941[(?)] 11 02 2027 [2011-02-06]
Last edited 5941[(?)] 11 06 2027 [2011-02-09]
Clearing
up a Confusion Re
Olympiad
Years
vs.
Julian Calendar Years
Re
the August 15, 310 BCE Solar Eclipse vs.
Diodorus’
reference to the 3rd Year of the 117th Olympiad
Abstract:
Three distinct and different anchor points relative to the ancient
Olympiad calendar are being commonly used:
1)
the 4th year of
the 48th Olympiad; being commonly associated with the May 28, 585 BC solar
eclipse,
2)
the 3rd year of
the 117th Olympiad; being commonly associated with the Aug 15, 310 BCE solar
eclipse, and
3)
the 4th year of
the 202nd Olympiad; being commonly associated with the March 19, 33 CE solar
eclipse.
Unfortunately, no one of those three pairs, that is, recorded event
vs. eclipse, is a perfect fit or a harmonious pair. Each of those parts are
being forcibly placed with one another, as well as also into false positions
within the puzzle of time.
I find it strange that no one has been willing and able to look
outside of the box to find the perfect fit until now. But of course, one of the
obvious reasons is that never before has the access to all the necessary data
been as readily available as they are today… Blessed be the Lord of Hosts, the
Creator of the Universe!
Having previously discovered[1] the
perfect solutions to items #1 and #3 above, that is 1) July
29, 588 BCE, and 3) Nov
24, 29 CE, it remains for me to resolve the particulars of item #2, which
is the objective of this particular article.
As it turns out, the problem is easily resolved upon recognizing
that:
1)
Agathocles’
eclipse of the sun certainly did take place on August 15, 310 BCE…
2)
The Olympiad
chronology was not used by contemporary historians until after
246 BCE, that is 60+ years subsequent to said solar eclipse, and
3)
Diodorus lived
and worked in
the latter half of the 1st century BCE, that is, yet another two
centuries after Agathocles’ eclipse was being recorded by someone that was not
timing that solar eclipse in terms of Olympiad years,
Once recognizing the significance of these three items it becomes
easy to see that the Olympiad dates attributed to Agathocles’ eclipse were
necessarily superimposed at a much later point in time upon whatever historical
sources Diodorus was using as his references re the events associated with
Agathocles’ eclipse.
Furthermore, it is obvious that the dates pertaining to that era
were considered controversial already by the 1st century CE as
witnessed by Josephus’ statement in his work Against Apion, Book
1:22, even if he isn’t quite as direct about the cause for that controversy
in that
passage as he is in this one, re a later era:
“3. But I omit any further discourse about these affairs; for there
have been a great many who have composed the
history of Nero; some of which have departed from the truth of facts out of
favor, as having received benefits from him…”
(Flavius
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book
XX:8:3)
Thus, in the end, it is obvious that so far as being a reliable and
exact anchor point for Olympiad year reckoning, Agathocles’ eclipse of the sun
is a non-entity. That is, regardless of the how certain Agathocles’ eclipse may
be ascertained as having occurred on August 15, 310 BCE… Which no doubt it did!
Considerations:
Clearing up the confusion re Olympiad years
While surfing the internet I found an article by Karl Hagen,
entitled The Ancient Greek Calendar, in which Karl claims Diodorus’ reference to
a certain solar eclipse that took place on August 15, 310 BCE, as his basis for
“fix[ing] our epoch.” My understanding of Karl’s statement is that said “epoch”
is a reference to said “Ancient Greek Calendar,” aka the Olympiad calendar, and
that the Olympiad calendar is currently and commonly being based upon an
assumption of Diodorus that said eclipse occurred in “Ol. 117,3” as also
provided by Diodorus in that context:
Quoting Karl Hagen [all emphasis
added / Tol:]
“Olympiad 1,1 correlates to 776 BCE. We do not actually need to
believe an actual festival was held on this date, but when Greek historians are
writing in later times, they date their own events using this as the epoch. We can establish a precise correlation to the common era from
a variety of different sources, but the most definitive comes from a passage
in Diodorus, where he dates the year of a total solar eclipse to the reign of
the Athenian archon Hieromnemon, which he also gives as Ol. 117,3.
The only astronomically possible date for this event is August 15, 310 BCE, which fixes our epoch.
“One thing to be wary of with reckoning by Olympiad is that writers* calculated the start of the year by their local
convention (spring, summer, winter, or fall). For example Ol. 1,1 correspond to
Fall, 777 - Fall 776 BCE by Macedonian reckoning. Byzantine writers who use
Olympiads take the year to begin on September 1.”[2]
(Ref.:
Hagen, Karl, The
Ancient Greek Calendar)
Quoting Diodorus
– Focusing upon Diodorus’ time references in terms of Olympic
years, Archons of Athens, and Romans consuls, as superimposed upon events
recorded at a time prior to Olympic years ever being used by contemporaneous
historians:
“32
Since the earliest writers of history are at
variance concerning the mighty empire of the Medes, we feel that it is
incumbent upon those who would write the history of events with a love for
truth to set forth side by side the different accounts of the historians…
for it was in the second year of the
Seventeenth Olympiad, according to Herodotus, that Cyaxares was
chosen king by the Medes.64
4 Ctesias of Cnidus, on the other hand, lived during
the time when Cyrus65 made his expedition against Artaxerxes his brother, and having
been made prisoner and then retained by Artaxerxes because of his medical
knowledge, he enjoyed a position of honour with him for seventeen years.66 Now Ctesias says that from the royal records, in which the
Persians in accordance with a certain law of theirs kept an account of their
ancient affairs, he carefully investigated the facts about each king, and when
he had composed his history he published it to the Greeks...”
Diodorus
Sicilus, Library of History, Book
II.
An alternate translation of the above quoted passages of Diodorus:
“For in the second year of the
seventeenth Olympiad (as Herodotus says) Cyaxares was elected king by the
Medes. But Ctesias the Cnidian, who was later than Herodotus,
and lived about the time of Cyrus's expedition against his brother Artaxerxes,
(for being then taken prisoner, for his skill [in] physic, he was taken into
the king's favour, and continued with, him in great honour and esteem for the space of seventeen years).”
The
historical library of Diodorus the Sicilian, Book II, p. 128.
“113 When Agesias was archon at Athens, the Romans installed as
consuls Gaius Publius and Papirius, and the one
hundred and fourteenth celebration of the Olympic Games took
place, in which Micinas of Rhodes won the foot race.*
Now from practically all the inhabited world came envoys on various missions,
some congratulating Alexander on his victories, some bringing him crowns, other
concluding treaties of friendship and alliance, many bringing handsome
presents, and some prepared to defend themselves against accusations.”
*) “Hegesias (as the name appears in the Attic inscriptions) was
archon from July 324 to June 323 B.C. The consuls of 326 B.C.
were C. Poetelius Libo Visolus and L. Papirius Cursor (Broughton,
1.146). The Olympic Games were held in the summer of 324 B.C. (chap. 109.1).
The name of the victor is given as Macinnas by Eusebius. The time was actually
the spring of 323 B.C.”
Diodorus
Sicilus, Library of History, Book
XVII, with original editor’s footnote.
“8… 2 A short time before his death, Alexander decided to
restore all the exiles in the Greek cities, partly for the sake of gaining
fame, and partly wishing to secure many devoted personal followers in each city
to counter the revolutionary movements and seditions of the Greeks.
3 Therefore, the Olympic games being at hand,* he sent Nicanor of Stageira to Greece, giving him a
decree about the restoration, which he ordered him to have proclaimed by the
victorious herald to the crowds at the festival.”
*) “In 324, the year before Alexander's death.”
Diodorus
Sicilus, Library of History, Book
XVIII, with original editor’s footnote.
“17 When Democleides was archon
at Athens, the Romans elected Gaius Junius and Quintus Aemilius
consuls.* This was the one hundred and sixteenth celebration of the Olympic Games,
at which Deinomenes the Laconian won the footrace.”
*) “Democleides was archon in 316/15. According to the
traditional chronology, C. Junius Bubulcus and Q. Aemilius Barbula
were consuls in 317 (Livy, 9.20.7; Fasti
Capitolini for 317). Chapters 17‑38 continue to relate
events of 317 B.C.”
Diodorus
Sicilus, Library of History, Book
XIX, with original editor’s footnote.
“55 When this year had passed, Praxibulus
was archon at Athens and in
Rome Nautius Spurius and Marcus Poplius were consuls.29*
“77 When this year had passed, Polemon was archon in Athens, and in Rome
the consuls were Lucius Papirius for the fifth time and Gaius Iunius;** and in this year the
Olympic Games were celebrated for the one hundred and seventeenth time,
Parmenion of Mitylenê winning the footrace.
“105 When Simonides was archon in
Athens, the Romans elected to the consulship Marcus Valerius and
Publius Decius.***”
*) “Praxibulus was archon in 315/14. Spurius Nautius Rutilus and
M. Popilius Laenas were consuls in 316 (Livy, 9.21.1;
Fasti Capitolini for 316). The events described in this chapter and the
next still belong to the year 316 B.C. (Beloch, Griechische Geschichte2,
4.2.240).
**) “Polemon was archon
in 312/11 B.C. In the Fasti Capitolini the consuls for 313 B.C.
are L. Papirius Cursor for the fifth time and C. Iunius Bubulcus
Brutus for the second time (CIL I, p130; cp. Livy, 9.28.2).
The events related in chaps. 77‑80 still belong to the year
313 B.C.
***) “Simonides was archon
in 311/10 B.C. In the Fasti the consuls of 312 B.C. are
M. Valerius Maximus and P. Decius Mus (CIL I, p130; cp. Livy 9.28.8). The
narrative is continued from chap. 100.7.”
Diodorus
Sicilus, Library of History, Book
XIX, with original editor’s footnote.
“3 When Hieromnemon was archon in Athens, the
Romans elected to the consulship Gaius Julius and Quintus Aemilius;* and in Sicily
Agathocles, who had been defeated by the Carthaginians in the
battle at the Himeras River and had lost the largest and strongest part of his
army, took refuge in Syracuse…
“5… 5 On the next day there
occurred such an eclipse of the sun that utter darkness set in and the stars were seen
everywhere;** wherefore
Agathocles' men, believing that the prodigy portended misfortune for them, fell
into even greater anxiety about the future…
“18… This was the situation of affairs in Sicily and Libya.***
“27 When in Demetrius of Phalerum
was archon Athens, in Rome Quintus Fabius received the
consulship for the second time and Gaius Marcius for the first…****
“37 When Charinus
was archon at Athens, the Romans gave the consulship to Publius
Decius and Quintus Fabius;***** and in Elis the Olympian Games were celebrated for the one hundred and
eighteenth time, at which celebration Apollonides of Tegea won
the foot race…”
*) “Hieromnemon was archon in 310/09 B.C. In the Fasti the
consuls of 311 B.C. are C. Iunius Bubulcus Brutus for the third
time and Q. Aemilius Barbula for the second (CIL I, p130; cp. Livy, 9.30.1).
The narrative is continued from Book 19.110.5.
For the first part of the African campaign, cp. Justin,
22.4‑6; Orosius,
4.6.23‑29.
**) “August 15, 310 B.C., cp. Beloch, Griechische
Geschichte2, 4.1.190. Calculations of the course of this eclipse indicate that
Agathocles must have sailed north around Sicily (Cary in Cambridge Ancient
History, 7.625).
***) “Continued in chap. 29.2.”
****) “Demetrius was archon
in 309/8 B.C. In the Fasti the consuls for 310 B.C. are
Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus for the second time and C. Marcius
Rutilus, who was later called Censorinus. Cp. Livy, 9.33.
The narrative is continued from chap. 21.
*****) “Charinus was archon
in 308/7 B.C. In the Fasti the year 309 B.C. is a "dictator
year" with L. Papirius Cursor as dictator as C. Junius Bubulcus
Brutus as his master-of‑horse. No consuls are given. For these dictator
years, probably invented to accommodate two systems of chronology, cp. Introduction
to Vol. IX and H. Stuart Jones in Cambridge Ancient History,
7.321. This fictitious year is omitted by both Livy and Diodorus, and from this
point on the Varronian chronology and that of Diodorus agree. The consuls for
308 B.C. are given in the Fasti as P. Decius Mus for the second time
and Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus for the third, cp. Livy, 9.40, 41.”
Diodorus
Sicilus, Library of History, Book
XX, with original editor’s footnotes.
Notice these things:
1) Diodorus does not make any direct statement associating the solar eclipse of Agathocles with any specific Olympiad year!
2)
In his works
Diodorus is superimposing statements in terms of Olympiad years (Olympiad
117 is referenced in Book XIX:77 and Olympiad
118 is referenced in Book XX:37) upon intermediately placed statements re
Agathocles solar eclipse.
3)
Given that the
exact beginnings of the years within the various calendars being used by the
Greeks (re the eras of the archons) and by the Romans (re the consuls) even per
Diodorus’ own records, as above quoted, said solar eclipse of Agathocles could
well be placed in either the 3rd or the 4th year of the
117th Olympiad. Thus, were Diodorus’ record to be considered
reliable, which it is not (Not even in Diodorus’
own estimation!,) no exact Olympiad year can be reliably associated with
said August 15, 310 BCE solar eclipse!
i.
Diodorus’ is
not providing anything for us to determine the exact space of time between the
events of “Agathocles [taking] refuge in Syracuse…”
and the “eclipse
of the sun…” This time period could well have been longer than a
year, and, at any rate, did most likely fall into a later calendar year of a
different archon and of different consuls – easily even as late as those being
associated with the 118th Olympiad! For instance, as follows:
1.
“3 When Hieromnemon was archon in Athens, the
Romans elected to the consulship Gaius Julius and Quintus Aemilius;* and in Sicily
Agathocles, who had been defeated by the Carthaginians in the
battle at the Himeras River and had lost the largest and strongest part of his
army, took refuge in Syracuse…
- Olympiad 117:3 and Hieromnemon archon beginning in July 308 BCE;
the Julian year and Julius and Aemilius consuls beginning in October or
November 308 BCE and Agathocles taking refuge in Syracuse in June 309 BCE… Thus
giving Agathocles just over one year in Syracuse before the eclipse…
2.
“5… 5 On
the next day there occurred such an eclipse of the sun that utter darkness set in and the
stars were seen everywhere;**
wherefore Agathocles' men, believing that the prodigy portended misfortune for
them, fell into even greater anxiety about the future…
- Olympiad 118:1 and Charinus archon beginning in July 310 BCE; the
Julian year and Decius & Fabius consuls beginning in October or November
310 BCE and Agathocles’ eclipse taking place August 15, 310 BCE.
3.
“18… This was
the situation of affairs in Sicily and Libya.***
- Olympiad 117:1 – 118:1
4.
“27 When in Demetrius of Phalerum was archon Athens,
in Rome Quintus Fabius received the consulship for the second time and Gaius
Marcius for the first…****
- Olympiad 117:4 and Demetrius archon beginning July 309; the
Julian year and Fabius & Marcius consuls beginning in October or November
309 BCE.
5.
“37 When Charinus was archon at Athens, the Romans
gave the consulship to Publius Decius and Quintus Fabius;***** and in Elis the
Olympian Games were celebrated for the one hundred and eighteenth time,
at which celebration Apollonides of Tegea won the foot race…”
- Olympiad 118:1 and Charinus archon beginning in July 310 BCE; the
Julian year and Decius & Fabius consuls beginning in October or November
310 BCE…
And… Suppose Agathocles did not leave with his armada until after
two years…! Then his “eclipse of the sun” would have been in Ol. 118:2, that
is, per Diodorus’ way of reckoning the Olympiad years… However, I tend to think
that the more likely scenario is that Diodorus’ superimposition of dates in
terms of Olympiad years, archons, and consuls is all flawed, and that, until
his primary source for the record of these events is recovered, we cannot at
all rely on Diodorus alone for any exact dates in terms of either Olympiad
years, archons, or consuls!
4)
When was the
Olympiad calendar first beginning to be used by contemporary historians?
5)
How reliable is
Diodorus’ history as perceived by current scholars?
Consider the
following!
Re Diodorus:
Who was he? When did he live? How trustworthy are his works?
“Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st
century BC.” (Wikipedia)
“Diodorus
Siculus (80-20BC) (Library of History 2,47)”
“Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in the third year
of the 117th Olympiad, which must be the eclipse of 310 BC. This gives us a
date of (mid-summer) 776 BC for the first year of the first Olympiad.* ”
*) "The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics: A Summary and
Research Tool" by Kotynski, p.3 (Quote used with permission). For the
calculation of the date, see Kotynski, p.3. For more information about the
question of this date, see Kotynski.” [Original footnote]
(From
BookRags)
“The Greek writer who comes next to Herodotus in the copiousness
with which he treats Egyptian affairs is DIODORUS, who, like Herodotus, visited
Egypt, and who also professed to draw his narrative from information furnished
him by the priests. The Egyptian history of
Diodorus is, however, so manifestly based on that of Herodotus, which it merely
supplements to a certain extent, that we can scarcely suppose it to have been
drawn quite independently from native sources. Rather we must regard him as
taking Herodotus for his basis, and as endeavoring to fill out
the sketch with which that writer had furnished his countrymen. Apparently [he]
was wholly ignorant of the history of Manetho. It is remarkable that the additions which
Diodorus makes to the scheme of Herodotus are in almost every instance
worthless.”
(A manual of ancient history, from the earliest times to the fall
of the Western empire, comprising the history of Chaldæa, Assyria, Babylonia,
Lydia, Phœnicia, Syria, Judæa, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia,
Rome, and Parthia. By George Rawlinson, p.
75.)
“WAR WITH AGATHOCLES, B.C. 311 to 304. War begun by aggressions of
Agathocles on Agrigentum. Victory of Hamilcar at the Himera, B. C. 310,
followed by the siege of Syracuse. Resolution of Agathocles to transfer the war
into Africa. He lands and burns his ships; is for some time successful, partly
owing to the treachery of Bomilcar, but can not conquer Carthage.” Idem,
p. 100
“Four Greek writers especially devoted a large share of their
attention to the subject; and of these two remain to us entire, of the third we
possess by far the greater portion, while the fourth exists only in an epitome.
These writers are (a) HERODOTUS, who traces the history of the empire from its
foundation to the year B.c. 479. His work is valuable, as he had travelled in
Persia, and derived much of his information from Persian informants. But these informants were not
always trustworthy…” Idem,
p. 102
“A [l]ist of the kings is given by
Diodorus 1. Spartacus I., reigned
from B.c. 438 to 431. 2. Seleucus, reigned fiom B.C. 431 to 427. 3. Satyrus I.,
reigned from B.C. 407 to 393. 4. Leucon, his son, reigned fiom B.C. 393 to 353.
5. Spartacus II., his son, reigned from B.C. 353 to 348. 6. Parysades I., his brother, reigned from B.c. 348 to 310.
7. Satyrus II., his son, reigned nine months. 8. Prytanis, his brother, was
deposed by 9. Eumdeus, also his brother, who reigned five years, from B.c. 309
to 304…” Idem,
p. 176.
Does
Josephus give any indication as to a lack of a general consensus among
historians of his time, that is, re
Olympiad dates from about the time of “Agathocles’… eclipse of the sun?”
"Now, it is agreed by all, that Alexander died in the hundred
and fourteenth olympiad..."
(Flavius
Josephus, Against Apion, Book
1:22)
There are no dates in terms of Olympiad years in
Herodotus’ works! Such dates were not used by historians until much later.
“The system of Olympiad chronology was probably
first perfected and used systematically by Eratosthenes, who was appointed over
the archives of the library in Alexandria by Ptolemy III.38 Eratosthenes
arrived in Alexandria after 246 BCE (the year of the death of
Ptolemy II) at the invitation of Ptolemy III Euergetes to tutor his son.09
Olympiad chronology was officially abolished by the emperor Theodosius in 395
CE after 293 cycles, but continued in use among the Byzantine chronographers,
for example the authors of Chronicon Paschale and by Georgius
Syncellus.”
Source:
Collins, Nina L., The Library in
Alexandria and the Bible in Greek, Brill 2000, p. 18; with original
footnote.
Conclusion:
Given 1) that Diodorus lived and worked in
the latter half of the 1st century BCE, 2) that Olympiad
chronology was not used by contemporary historians until after
246 BCE, and 3) that Agathocles’ eclipse of the sun took place on August
15, 310 BCE, it is obvious that the Olympiad dates attributed to Agathocles’ eclipse
were superimposed upon whatever historical sources Diodorus was using as his
references re the events associated with Agathocles’ eclipse. It is obvious
that these dates were considered controversial already by the 1st
century CE as witnessed by Josephus’ statement in his work Against Apion, Book
1:22.
How reliable is the association between “Agathocles’… eclipse of
the sun” and the August 15, 310 BCE total solar eclipse?
Click
on the maps to find their source!
Find
more Google maps here! (In
the 2nd column under ‘Calendar Date’ )
Having carefully reviewed all the solar eclipses 100+ years both
before and after 310 BCE, I find no viable contender satisfying all the details
of the pertinent events recorded by Diodorus. Thus, I have no doubt that
Agathocles’ eclipse was the August 15, 310 BCE total solar eclipse. Find the
pertinent links here:
Courtesy of Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus at the NASA website:
1)
Five Millennium
Catalogue of [ 2-400
years± of individual B&W maps of ] Solar Eclipses,
2)
Plate index to
Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses by 10 years± of individual color maps,
3)
736-537 BCE
collection of individual B&W eclipse maps,
4)
327 BCE - 91 CE
collection of individual B&W eclipse maps, and
5)
these 20
year maps of all total and annular solar eclipses.
When did the Olympiad calendar years begin and end?:
“Each Olympiad year corresponded
very closely to a full solar year and began at the first new moon after
the summer solstice. For the years with which this discussion is
concerned, it can be assumed that the year began on 1 July and ended on 30
June, that is, the year was reckoned from summer to summer56…”
Footnote: “56) Finegan (1964), §114.”
Source:
Collins, Nina L., The Library in
Alexandria and the Bible in Greek, Brill 2000, p. 17; with original
footnote.
The Olympiad calendar reckoning is using accession
time (i.e. same as the Scriptural and the Jewish calendars:)
“To calculate the regnal years of a king in
Olympiad years (that is, the length of his reign in Olympiad years), the time
between the accession of a new king and the beginning of the next new Olympiad
year was suppressed (not counted). This means that the first Olympiad year in
the reign of a king was reckoned from the first full Olympiad year after the
king had begun to rule. In practice, therefore, the time between (a) the death
of the old king (b) the start of a new Olympiad year, was added to the time of
the old king, even though he probably lived for only a part of this last
Olympiad year of his reign, and even if the new king was ruling at this time.
Source:
Collins, Nina L., The Library in
Alexandria and the Bible in Greek, Brill 2000, p. 18; with original
footnote.
The Olympic Games are said to have been held between August 6 and
September 19:
The ancient Games were staged in Olympia, Greece, a rural sanctuary
site in the western Peloponnesos. Unlike today, the games were always held at
Olympia instead of moving around to different sites every time. The sanctuary
was named in antiquity after Mt. Olympos, the highest mountain in
mainland Greece. In Greek mythology, Mt. Olympos was the home of the greatest
of the Greek gods and goddesses.
Although the first written record of the games dates to 776 B.C.,
their origins go back at least five hundred years earlier and are linked to religious
events well before that. The Olympic games were officially abolished by the
Roman emperor Theododius I in 394 AD, probably because of their pagan
associations, after a run of 1170 years! From
the very beginning the Games were held every four years between August 6 and
September 19. They occupied such an important
place in Greek life that time was measured by the interval between them: an
Olympiad. It took 1503 years for the Olympics to return thanks to a Frenchman
named Baron Pierre de Coubertin. He was behind the first modern Olympics held
in Athens, Greece, in 1896.
Ancient Olympic Games (text copy from this link)
Fred
Espenak’s and NASA’s 20 year maps of Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths:
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -419 -
-400
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -399 -
-380
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -379 -
-360
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -359 -
-340
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -339 -
-320
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -259 -
-240
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -239 -
-220
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -219 -
-200
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -199 -
-180
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -179 -
-160
Total
and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths: -159 -
-140
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