“position on the
graph
.”
Ditto…II – Ditto re extent of reliance upon flawed
assumptions…:
“it shows with certainty that a
disturbance of the earth's axis occurred at the date 2345 B.C.,
corresponding to the 0º end of the curve…”
Ditto…III:
“enables us to obtain a
numerical formula…”
Interesting, but can it be shown???:
“it seems probable… from
an original inclination of about 5 degrees…”
Ditto…IV:
“The formula is…”
The fundamental Caesar Augustus’ death vs 14 CE error:
“about 14 A.D., at the
end of the reign of the Emperor Augustus…”
The latest sudden change of the ecliptic around 10 CE!:
“about 14 A.D., at the end of the
reign of the Emperor Augustus, the Roman mathematician Manilius noted a change in the obliquity of the ecliptic,
which he attributed either, as he says, to "the discordant course of the
sun itself, and some change in the sky,
or through some change in the universal earth, by which it has moved away from
its center, as I have detected myself, and I hear of also
in other places." ”
Manuscript #2:
I don’t find Senusert in
Velikovsky index, but, like Amenhotep II in the XII Dynasti, he too should probably be dated more accurately in
the 7th or 8th century BCE:
“Senusert I of the XII Egyptian Dynasty
at Heliopolis. This dates back to about 2050
B.C.”
1180 B.C.???:
“This form of gnomon,
with a terminal ball, is found depicted on medals of the time of Philip of
Macedon (359 B.C.); and this arrangement, which was common at Rome, is believed
to have been introduced into Greece by Menelaus, King of Sparta, about 1180 B.C.”
Who is the true author of these words? Pliny
or Manilius? The words are very similar, as
similar as they would be expected to be out of a common Roman / Latin text! Cf.
Velikovsky’s Worlds in Collision, p. 320!:
Manilius?:
“Manilius added these words, concerning his measurements:
“This observation now for nearly 30 years is not consistent, either through the
discordant course of the sun itself, and some change in the sky, or through
some change in the universal earth, by which it has moved away from its centre,
as I have detected myself, and I hear of also in other places.” ” (Dodwell, The Obliquity of the
Ecliptic, Chapter 2)
Pliny?:
“…can be plainly seen from this passage of Pliny:… “For nearly the last thirty years, however, the
observations derived from this dial have been found not to agree:whether
it is that of the sun itself has changed its course in consequence of some
derangement f the heavenly system; or whether that the whole earth has been in
some degree displaced from the center, a thing that, I have heard say, has been
remarked in other places as well; or whether tha some
earthquake, confined to this city only, has wrenched the dial from its original
position; or whether it is that in consequence of the inundations of the Tier
that foundations of the mass have subsided.” “ (Velikovsky,
Worlds in Collision, p. 320.)
What
are the true dates for Ptolemy???
“Ptolemy,
known as the “prince of astronomers,” who made astronomical observations at
Alexandria from 127 A.D. to 151 A.D.,”
Doubtful
date – 2000 BC:
“Dr.
Breasted describes the Egyptian “Merkhet,” used for
orienting temples from times earlier than 2000 B.C.,”
Typo:
“pair of compasses unsed”
Doubtful
date:
“Vitruvius (B.C.
63 to A.D. 14)”
The
3 fingers pointing back… - i.e. false assumptions re ancient latitudes and
dates:
“and only unless, the
steadily increasing difference between these ancient observations and the
normal curve of obliquity, as we trace it backwards into past ages, can be
rightly ascribed to errors of the ancient observations.”
Where
is the error of precision??? Is this a typo? Wikipedia has 1
Chinese foot = 13.12 Imp in.!
“13.32 English
inches. The gnomon itself was thus 8 feet 9 inches high, [13.32 x
8 = 8.88 ft = 8 ft 10.56 in / ToL©]”
Typo:
“within on[e] twenty-fifth
of an inch”
Typo:
“one minute of arc [i]n the sun’s alititude”
Typo:
“the best wa[y] seems to be”
Typos:
I
found multiple instances of erroneous double spacing (“ ”) in the files but I’m not marking
those as they are easily found by common software tools…
Error in arithmetic? Isn’t 2’.1 + 2’.9 = 5’.0 ? Not 4’.9 ? Or is this a typo?
“The
extreme range was thus 4’.9”
Treasurable
reference worthy of pursuing:
“P. Gaubil,
S.J. (1689-1759 A.D.), who was a French missionary in China. He
extracted a considerable number of Chinese solstitial
observations from numerous documentary sources. He studied these very
thoroughly, and communicated them to European astronomers in his Edifying Letters, published by Souciet in 1732.”
Treasurable
reference worthy of pursuing:
“Laplace, recognizing the
unique value of this work, rescued it from oblivion and published, in the
French Connaissance des Temps for 1809, the portion dealing with the solstices
and the meridian shadows of the gnomon observed in China”
Treasurable
reference worthy of pursuing:
“The
Emperor, on his part, was
held to be “responsible to
heaven, and if he neglected the calendar,
he not only caused inconvenience to the people, but was considered guilty of an
irreverence which diminished his virtue and endangered the dynasty.””
Treasurable
reference worthy of pursuing – Is Chinese 1120 BCE really a 700 BCE date? Cf.
Velikovsky!!!:
The
most ancient part gives results of observations made as far back as 1120 B.C., but a section
relating to the observation of a circumpolar star (Suen-Ki),
with which are associated meridian observations of the solar shadows at the
summer and winter solstices, has been shown by the Chinese astronomer Kao-Kiun (formerly of the Zo-se
Observatory, near Shanghai) to correspond with the date
700 B.C.
Consistency??? Is 1200BCE 1200BCEor700BCE???
“Chou Kung,
brother of Wu Wang (founder of the Chou dynasty, about 1120
B.C.)”
Ditto
II:
“an earlier date, probably about 1120 B.C. ”
Treasure
re length of year at time of earliest Chinese records:
“In the earliest part of the Chou-Pei
where Chou Kung receives instructions from the grand prefect, Chang-Kao,
it is stated that “the sky is measured in degrees.” The Chinese divided the
circle into 365¼ degrees,
each degree corresponding to
the amount of the mean daily motion of the sun in the year. ”
Treasure
re earliest Chinese ecliptic in 1200 BCE vs. 700 BCE:
“the obliquity of the ecliptic at the
earliest date of the Chou Pei (about 1120 B.C.) as 24 degrees 12 minutes 6 seconds.”
ErrTreasure re latitude of location where ecliptic was
measured in 1200 BCE vs. 700 BCE:
“1120 B.C. and were made at the ancient Chinese capital city of Mo. This
city was situated on the western bank of the River Hoang-ho, in about latitude 35° 35’ N.
and longitude 115° 40’ E”
Treasure
re earliest Chinese corrected ecliptic in 1200 BCE vs. 700 BCE:
“When these corrections are applied, the corrected obliquity of the ecliptic,
given by the Chou Pei for about 1120 B.C., is 24 degrees 13 minutes 56 seconds. This is 24 minutes 17 seconds
greater than the obliquity given by Newcomb’s Formula for the same date.”
Err
re consistency re 1200 vs 700 BCE:
“a real difference between the actually observed obliquity of
the ecliptic at the date 1120 B.C.”
Treasure
re ecliptic in 700 BCE – apparently later than the 1200 vs
700 BCE measurement:
“the ecliptic 24° 1’ 58”.
This is 15’ 8” greater than the value for 700 B.C., calculated from Newcomb’s
Formula… intermediate between the Chou Pei value for 1120 B.C.
and the later series of Chinese observations…”
Err
re 1200 vs 700 BCE in table:
“1120 B.C.”
Treasure
re a 2nd very early ecliptic measurement:
“the obliquity 23° 54’ 4”),
associated by Chinese tradition with the name of Chou Kung. These shadow
lengths are found in the Chou Li (Book of Rites)”
Treasure
re Chinese confusion – evidence perhaps of confusion in the eyes of the
beholders???:
“The Chinese astronomer…”
Chapter 4:
Treasure
Reference:
“The earliest record of the obliquity of the ecliptic, determined by the
ancient Hindus, is described by C.P.S. Menon
in his book Early Astronomy and Cosmology. It is taken
from the Jaina Astronomical Treatise called Suryaprajnapti. ”
Typo:
“SZ
= 180 [x √2] =
254.556 yojanas.
ZW = 330 [x √2]
= 486.642 yojanas. ”
Treasure
references II & III:
“Brennand’s Hindu Astronomy”
“Bentley, in his Hindu Astronomy”
Treasure
Hindu ecliptic measurements:
“The obliquity of the ecliptic, thus determined, after
correcting for refraction and solar parallax is 24° 11’ 4”
“the final result is 24° 00’ 44”
Re latitude:
Typo:
“And for the latitude of the place
of observation:
Latitude = 8°
18′ 32″ N.” [Note: Like correction 6° 18′ 32″ N]
“The latitude of the first place of observation, for which
the shadow lengths at both solstices are available, is 6° 18’ 32” North.
This indicates a place…”
“The second place of
observation: Only one observation, namely that of the winter solstice, is given.
We can use this, however, to calculate the latitude. The statement of the observation gives room for two
alternative sites. One of these is in latitude
20° 15’ 04” North, 14 miles south of Cuttack, near the top of Bay of Bengal;
and the other is in latitude 10° 33’ 41” N, corresponding with the latitude of Trichur, 10° 32’ N, in the Cochin Province of S.W.
India. This place is the more likely, as it would only require a short
coastal expedition to southern Ceylon.”
“The figures given in the Suryaprajnapti
refer to two places where observations were made. In addition to the
obliquity of the ecliptic at the date of observation, the latitude of the sites
of the observations can also be calculated. (Fig. 8)” [Note: - Alternatively,
could this indicate one place and a change in latitude???]
“a notable revision of astronomy
was made about 945 B.C.” [Note: - “Revision of astronomy…” a reference
to a catastrophic change in latitude??? ]
The
site of the observations is believed to be Hastina Pura, the ancient seat of government in India, in latitude
28° 38’N , a few miles south of Delhi.
“Date of observations:
about 945 B.C.”
“The
Suryaprajnapti is said to have been written “sometime about the 5th
century B.C., but the cosmological system described in the
work apart from a few incongruous elements added to it, is certainly of a much
earlier date, some time in remote antiquity when men had not yet begun to
regard the circle as the perfect curve, or as providing a scale of angular
measurement.” ”
“ “it was found by observation
that the Colures (1)had fallen back in respect of the fixed stars 30° 20’ since
the former observations in 1192 B.C.”
This movement is consistent with the earth’s precessional movement in the interval of 247 years, and it
is further stated that “In the same period of 247 years and one month they
found that the moon had made 3303 revolutions, and one sign over, that there
were also 3056 lunations of synodic
periods, and the number of days in the whole period was 90245.5.” ” [Note: -
Wrong year?, but correct interval???]
“It is understood, from its own
statements, to have been compiled at the end of the period known as the Trita Yuga, and to embody the science of astronomy as it
was at that time; certain changes having been made since more ancient times.
The end of the Trita Yuga corresponds to 510 B.C. ”
Hindu measurements in summary: