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Created 5941[(?)]13 25 2027 [2011-04-29]

Last edited 5941[(?)]01 04 2027 [2011-05-08]

 

 

 

Pertinax’s Total Solar Eclipse

 

February 19, 174 CE…?

 

 

 

Abstract:

I am by no means certain of which total solar eclipse that corresponds to Pertinax’s total solar eclipse.

Yet, given all the facts of the matter and considering all the circumstances that I am presently aware of, I suspect that I may well be correct in concluding that the February 19, 174 CE total solar eclipse is indeed Pertinax’s total solar eclipse…

Perhaps, if I ever get to it, I’ll find further confirmation, one way or the other, once I pursue my studies of the emperors this side of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan. Nevertheless, the February 19, 174 CE total solar eclipse, if that is it, does make the reign of Pertinax fall perfectly in line with my prior discoveries re said emperors.

The February 19, 174 CE total solar eclipse is also the one and only total eclipse that was visible from anywhere near Rome. To find the second runner up distance wise one would have to go to 237 CE, which I believe is 44 years off in the wrong direction, that is, reckoning from the conventional 193 CE date.

Furthermore, and considering the very great errors inherent in conventional ancient chronology, I believe it is entirely possible that said February 19, 174 CE total solar eclipse may well have been observed even within Rome itself...

In saying that I wish to emphasize that, in addition to the east-west errors inherent in the uncertainty of the Delta-T values (cf. Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus, Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses, pp. iii-iv (preface,) and pp. 7-9 (Section 1.6 Map Accuracy,)) there may be north-south errors that may not have been accounted for, or at least I haven’t as yet become aware of such. For instance, 1) I am thinking of the Chandler Wobble of the axis of the Earth and of the north and south poles, which were discovered and identified by Seth Carlo Chandler (1846-1913) (cf. Encyclopedia Britannica (cache) and Svensk Uppslagsbok (1932) Chandler; cf. Chandler wobble and Seth Carlo Chandler at Wikipedia) but which may be too small (<20 meters as recorded for 1900-1912 and for Jan 1, 2005 – May 5, 2011; cf. Polar motion at Wikipedia) to make a difference for the purposes of the solar eclipse paths, and 2) I am also thinking in terms of the slowing down of the speed of light (cf. this diagram re Atomic Time vs. Solar Time, this diagram showing the measured changes of the speed of light!, and this diagram showing the more dramatic changes (since about 2,345 BCE) of the Obliquity of the Ecliptic) as described by Trevor Norman and Barry Setterfield in their research report entitled The Atomic Constants, Light, and Time, published at Stanford Research Institute International (August 1987) and its companion publication Geological Time and Scriptural Chronology.

 

Praise the Lord of Hosts for teaching me many things along the way!

 

 

 

 

 

Quoting from Historia Augusta, The Life of Pertinax:

 

4… 8… He [Pertinax / ToL©] was made emperor on the day before the Kalends of January, being then more than sixty years old.[1]

 

 

14… 3, And on the day before he died [= Mar 27] stars of great brilliancy were seen near the sun in the day-time…

 

15… 6 He was born on the Kalends of August in the consulship of Verus and Ambibulus [126 AD conv / ToL], and was killed on the fifth day before the Kalends of April [=Mar 28; cf. F.R. Stephenson, Historical Eclipses and Earth’s Rotation, p. 380] in the consulship of Falco and Clarus [193 AD conv / ToL]. He lived sixty years, seven months and twenty-six days, 7 and reigned for two months and twenty-five days.”

 

(Historia Augusta, The Life of Pertinax)

 

 

4… 7… denique a paucis primum est Pertinax imperator appellatus. 8 factus est autem sexagenario maior imperator pridie kal. Ian.

 

14… 3 et cum apud Lares sacrificaret, carbones vivacissimi exstincti sunt, cum inflammari soleant. et, ut supra dictum est, cor et caput in hostiis non est repertum. stellae etiam iuxta solem per diem clarissimae visae ante diem quam obiret.

15… 6 Natus autem kal. Augustis Vero et Ambibulo consulibus. interfectus est V kal. Apr. Falcone et Claro consulibus. vixit annis LX mensibus VII diebus XXVI. imperavit mensibus II diebus XXV. 7 congiarium dedit populo denarios centenos. praetorianis promisit duodena milia nummum sed dedit sena. quod exercitibus promissum est datum non est, quia mors eum praevenit. horruisse autem illum imperium epistula docet, 8 quae vitae illius a Mario Maximo apposita est. quam ego inserere ob nimiam longitudinem nolui.”

 

(Historia Augusta, Helvius Pertinax)

 

 

Click on the picture for an interactive map! Cf. this link!

This is the solar eclipse that I find being my most favored candidate for being Pertinax’s total solar eclipse.

(But I am by no means certain!)

 

 

 

Click on the picture for an interactive map! Cf. this link!

This is the solar eclipse that I find being my second most favored candidate for being Pertinax’s total solar eclipse.

(But I am by no means certain!)

 

 

 

 

Considerations:

 

It is obvious that given that “stars of great brilliancy were seen near the sun in the day-time…” this was definitely a total solar eclipse. Unfortunately we are not told the exact location for this observation. We cannot take it for granted that the observation was made at Rome. It could have been anywhere within the Roman Empire… And the date we are given, “the day before… the fifth day before the Kalends of April [Mar 27,]” don’t seem to fit any certain solar eclipse anywhere…

Not having any certain dates re this century already arrived at from my earlier studies, and not being willing to rely on the conventional dates (for instance as provided at Bill Thayer’s website,) I was initially thinking that perhaps dating this event would be a simple matter of confirming a correct conventional date… After all, this event supposedly did take place a full century closer to our time than most of my prior work! But, that was not to be…

At first I set out to make, out of the NASA Phases of the Moon table, a list of all the solar eclipses (anywhere) that were dated anywhere close to the quoted date above, that is, anywhere close to March 27th. I found the dates in the first table below. I then (cf. column #5) identified, for each of those dates, the location of each corresponding eclipse path. At first I found little of striking interest. No eclipses anywhere near Rome. No eclipses fitting the ticket of being dated anywhere near March 27. And no interesting eclipses anywhere near the year 193, which year is the conventional year attributed to Pertinax’s death. (The Feb 19, 174 CE and the Mar 11, 183 CE eclipses were added at a point later in my study…) As you can see for yourself, I found only two eclipses dated March 27, but unfortunately those were about 300 years off target (480-193=287 and 499-193=306) for a good fit! (Cf. the green boxes at the bottom of column #2 in this table!:)

 

 

Comprehensive listing of all

Solar Eclipses Within a Few Days of the Date March 27

from 51 CE through 500 CE

 

#

Dated eclipse

Year (CE)

Type

Location of eclipse path

Comments

1

30 Mar

51

Total

S. America

 

2

30 Mar

70

Total

Central America

 

3

30 Mar

89

Hybrid

N. America, Greenland, Iceland

 

4

30 Mar

108

Partial 0.4

Iceland

 

5

31 Mar

154

Annular

S. America

 

6

22 Mar

163

Annular

Antarctica

 

7

31 Mar

173

Partial 0.7

Antarctica

 

8

19 Feb

174

Total

S. Italy

Best fit!

9

22 Mar

182

Hybrid

Australia

 

10

11 Mar

183

Total

Britain

Good fit!

11

22 Mar

201

Total

Canada Pacific Indonesia

 

12

22 Mar

220

Partial 0.85

Siberia

 

13

23 Mar

228

Total

Britain Germany

Possible options

14

24 Mar

247

Total

Ethiopia

15

24 Mar

266

Annular

Australia

 

16

23 Mar

285

Partial 0.7

Antarctica

 

17

25 Mar

293

Partial 0.88

Antarctica

 

18

24 Mar

312

Annular

S. America

 

19

25 Mar

331

Annular

Far East

 

20

24 Mar

350

Annular

Canada

 

21

26 Mar

358

Partial 0.5

Arctic

 

22

25 Mar

377

Total

N. America

 

23

25 Mar

396

Total

S. America

 

24

26 Mar

415

Total

S. America

 

25

28 Mar

423

Partial 0.78

Antarctica

 

26

28 Mar

442

Total

Australia

 

27

28 Mar

461

Annular

Pacific

 

28

27 Mar

480

Annular

Iceland Greenland

 

29

29 Mar

488

Partial 0.4

Arctic

 

30

27 Mar

499

Partial 0.0158

East Siberia

 


 

It is clear from the above table that the year of Pertinax’s death cannot possibly have been 193 CE as conventionally assumed. That is, provided only that 1) the eclipse as recorded did indeed take place, and 2) that the NASA solar eclipse calculations for this era are anywhere near the real time events.

 

It is also clear from the above table that the date provided for Pertinax’s death, V. Kal. April [March 28,] cannot possibly correspond precisely with the moderns Julian or Gregorian calendar reckoning.

 

The above given, I feel free to toy with both the year and the date. First of all I expanded my search criteria as much as I felt was anywhere within reason. The result was the table below. By so doing I discovered a few additional options. However, most of those additional options seem too farfetched for reasonable consideration. Only two of those additional discoveries seemed worthy of further consideration: February 19, 174 CE, and March 11, 183 CE.

 

Indeed, I find some little support for March 11, 183 CE being a good candidate for being Pertinax’s total solar eclipse:

 

1.      Bringing the event from 193 to an earlier point in time seems possibly more likely to agree with the stated age of Pertinax at the time of his reign and at the time of his death. That is, “he lived sixty years, seven months and twenty-six days” (rather than 66 y/o as apparently required by conventional reckoning.)

2.      Bringing the event from 193 to an earlier point in time is more in line with my prior findings re the Roman Emperors of the 1st century.

3.      One possible reason for the strange date, “V. Kal. April [March 28,]”could be Commodus’ changes of the calendar of his time, whatever they might have been besides that of renaming all twelve months of the year:

 

“A new order (190–192)

“Perhaps seeing this as an opportunity, early in 192 Commodus, declaring himself the new Romulus, ritually re-founded Rome, renaming the city Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana. All the months of the year were renamed to correspond exactly with his (now twelve) names: Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius, Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, Pius. The legions were renamed Commodianae, the fleet which imported grain from Africa was termed Alexandria Commodiana Togata, the Senate was entitled the Commodian Fortunate Senate, his palace and the Roman people themselves were all given the name Commodianus, and the day on which these reforms were decreed was to be called Dies Commodianus.[6] Thus he presented himself as the fountainhead of the Empire and Roman life and religion. He also had the head of the Colossus of Nero adjacent to the Colosseum replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club and placed a bronze lion at its feet to make it look like Hercules, and added an inscription boasting of being "the only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men".[7]

“An inscribed altar from Dura-Europos on the Euphrates shows that Commodus's titles and the renaming of the months were disseminated to the furthest reaches of the Empire; moreover, that even auxiliary military units received the title Commodiana, and that Commodus claimed two additional titles: Pacator Orbis (pacifier of the world) and Dominus Noster (Our Lord). The latter eventually would be used as a conventional title by Roman Emperors, starting about a century later, but Commodus seems to have been the first to assume it.[10]”

(Wikipedia: Commodus)

 

4.      Considering the destruction of all things associated with Commodus, is it any wonder if the proper reckoning of time was not immediately restored to that which had formerly been?!!!:

 

The end of the reign (192)

Upon his death, the Senate declared him a public enemy (a de facto damnatio memoriae) and restored the original name to the city of Rome and its institutions. Commodus' statues were thrown down. His body was buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian.

                (Wikipedia: Commodus)

 

5.      If indeed the March 11, 183 CE total solar eclipse was the one referenced by the author of the original record behind Historia Augusta, The Life of Pertinax, and if indeed, at the time, the calendar being used did accurately reflect the time of death of Pertinax and of said total solar eclipse, then I find the following calendar correlations:

 

 

Correlations between our standard Julian calendar and Pertinax’s calendar

- as reflected by Historia Augusta, The Life of Pertinax -

if Pertinax’s solar eclipse was the March 11, 183 CE total solar eclipse

 

Julian calendar

Pertinax’s calendar

Comments

XVII Kal. Feb

Dec 16

Jan 1

Kal. Ian.

 

XI Kal. Feb.

Dec 22

Winter solstice

Jan 7

VII Idus

Winter solstice day

[Cf. the seven day feast of Ahasuerus!]

 

Dec 31

Jan 16

 

 

 

Jan 1

Jan 17

 

 

 

Jan 15

Jan 31

 

 

 

Jan 16

Feb 1

Kal. Feb.

 

 

Jan 31

Feb 16

 

 

 

Feb 1

Feb 17

 

 

 

Feb 12

Feb 28

 

 

 

Feb 13

Mar 1

Kal. Mar.

 

 

Feb 28

Mar 16

 

 

 

Mar 1

Mar 17

 

 

 

Mar 11

Mar 27

 

Total solar eclipse in Britain

 

Mar 12

Mar 28

V. Kal. Apr.

Day of Pertinax’s death

 

6.      The fact that the March 11, 183 CE total solar eclipse was seen from Britain, and thus from a place within the Roman Empire where Pertinax had spent a portion of his working life, does add weight to this option, albeit not quite as much as does the placement of the February 19, 174 CE total solar eclipse path. Cf. item #6 below!

7.      That’s all I can think of presently, that is, re support for the March 11, 183 CE solar eclipse…

 

 

 

 

But what about the Feb 19, 174 CE total solar eclipse? Yes, it is even further remote from the conventional date of 193 AD, and yes, it is even further off from March 27, but so what? Have we not already proven to our satisfaction that neither 193 AD, nor March 27 in terms of our standard Julian calendar are possible? I believe we have! Thus, what points of support may we find?:

 

1.      Same argument as #1 above holds true for this date as well! Indeed, for Feb 19, 174 CE that argument becomes even stronger, especially upon considering also the next item:

2.      Same argument as #2 above holds true for this date as well! Indeed, the difference between 193 CE and 174 CE is 19 years, which is exactly the same difference as I have previously discovered between the conventional dating of the Emperors Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan!

3.      Same argument as #3 above exactly!

4.      Same argument as #4 above!

5.      Whereas March 11, 183 CE was associated with a 16 day difference between the dates of the months, February 19, 174 CE is associated with only an 8 day difference. Cf. #5 above!

6.      The fact that the Feb 19, 174 CE solar eclipse path covered southern Italy, not too far from Rome (the only one of its kind within 40 years before or after 193 CE,) adds considerable weight to this contender for Pertinax’s solar eclipse. Indeed, I wouldn’t be surprised if, in the end, it’ll be shown that the Feb 19, 174 CE total solar eclipse was visible even in Rome itself! That is, once not only a the Delta-T is perfected for this time and place, but also all other factors identified and corrected, for instance, 1) that of the wobbling of the axis of the Earth that would primarily affect the north/south placement of the eclipse path, and 2) that which may have to do with the slowing down of the speed of light as described by Trevor Norman and Barry Setterfield in their research report entitled The Atomic Constants, Light, and Time, published at Stanford Research Institute International (August 1987.) Cf. item #6 above!

7.      Thus I find the February 19, 174 CE solar eclipse being the strongest contender for Pertinax’s solar eclipse, while the March 11, 183 CE solar eclipse remains also a good second best candidate…

 

 

 

 

Legend:

 

Comprehensive listing of all

(finding 15 more or less remote; cf. last column!)

Solar Eclipses Possibly Visible from Within the Roman Empire

from 105 CE through 355 CE

(The unnumbered items, 15+ & 18+, were initially considered outside of the Roman Empire, but were added later)

 

Legend:

Not possible

Not possible

Possible

Possible

Good fit

Good fit

#

Dated eclipse

Year (CE)

Type

Location of potential observation post within the Roman Empire

Assessment

1

25 Oct

105

Annular

 

 

2

3 Aug

110

Annular

 

 

3

1 Jun

113

Total

 

 

4

15 Nov

114

Annular

 

 

5

3 Sep

118

Total

 

 

6

18 Jan

120

Total

 

 

7

2 Jul

121

Annular

 

 

8

21 Apr

125

Hybrid

Magn.: 1.003

Persia or Sudan

More remote option

9

6 Feb

129

Total

 

 

10

12 Jun

131

Total

 

 

11

25 Nov

132

Annular

 

 

12

12 Apr

134

Annular

Magn.: 0.985

Germany

 

13

28 Jan

138

Total

 

 

14

2 May

143

Hybrid

 

 

15

4 Sep

145

Total

 

 

15+

28 Feb

146

Hybrid

Magn.: 0.998

E. Africa

More remote option

16

11 Apr

153

Annular

Magn.: 0.953

Morocco

 

17

13 Jul

158

Total

 

 

18

4 Sep

164

Annular

 

 

18+

28 Feb

165

Total

Magn.: 1.023

Ethiopia

More remote option

19

17 Dec

168

Annular

 

 

20

5 Oct

172

Total

 

 

21

19 Feb

174

Total

Magn.: 1.02

S. Italy

Best fit![2]

22

23 Jul

176

Total

 

 

23

11 Mar

183

Total

Magn.: 1.019

Britain

Good fit!

24

14 Jul

185

Total

 

 

25

4 Jul

186

Total

 

 

26

28 Dec

186

Annular

 

 

27

3 May

189

Annular

 

 

28

19 Feb

193

Total

Magn.: 1.022

S. Africa

More remote option

29

3 Jun

197

Annular

 

 

30

7 Oct

199

Annular

 

 

31

14 Jul

204

Total

 

 

32

14 May

207

Annular

 

 

33

2 Mar

211

Total

Magn.: 1.021

S. Morocco

More remote option

34

14 Aug

212

Total

 

 

35

7 Oct

218

Annular

 

 

36

19 Jan

223

Annular

 

 

37

23 Mar

228

Total

Magn.: 1.026

Britain, Germany

Possible option

38

25 Aug

230

Total

 

 

39

14 Jun

234

Annular

 

 

40

12 Apr

237

Total

Magn.: 1.026

N. Italy

More remote option

41

5 Aug

240

Total

 

 

42

29 Jan

241

Annular

 

 

43

24 Mar

247

Total

Magn.: 1.026

Ethiopia

Possible option

44

16 Aug

258

Total

 

 

45

15 Jun

261

Annular

 

 

46

4 Jun

262

Annular

 

 

47

3 Apr

265

Total

Magn.: 1.019

Tunis, Sicily

More remote option

48

16 Sep

266

Total

 

 

49

5 Jul

270

Annular

 

 

50

8 Nov

272

Annular

 

 

51

31 Jan

287

Annular

 

 

52

15 May

291

Total

 

 

53

4 May

292

Total

Magn.: 1.027

Morocco, Spain, France, N. Italy

More remote option

54

14 Mar

294

Annular

Magn.: 0.963

Ethiopia

 

55

7 Sep

294

Total

 

 

56

3 Mar

295

Annular

Magn.: 0.97

Naples, Italy (near Rome)

 

57

25 Apr

301

Total

Magn.: 1.023

Egypt

More remote option

58

27 Sep

303

Total

 

 

59

10 Feb

305

Annular

 

 

60

27 Jul

306

Annular

 

 

61

17 Sep

312

Total

 

 

62

6 Jul

316

Annular

 

 

63

31 Dec

316

Annular

 

 

64

6 May

319

Total

 

 

65

18 Oct

320

Total

 

 

66

6 Aug

324

Annular

 

 

67

11 Dec

326

Annular

 

 

68

17 Jul

334

Annular

 

 

69

11 Jan

335

Annular

 

 

70

6 May

338

Annular

 

 

71

4 Mar

341

Hybrid

Magn.: 0.999

Ethiopia

More remote option

72

16 Jun

345

Total

 

 

73

6 Jun

346

Total

 

 

74

9 Oct

348

Total

 

 

75

4 Apr

349

Annular

Magn.: 0.977

Egypt

More remote option

76

28 May

355

Total

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                                             

 

 

 

 

 

 

Notice

This table was a flawed attempt…

A simple exclusion based upon the UT time of the maximum eclipse as provided in NASA’s Phase of the Moon Tables, as attempted in this table (cf. the red boxes!,) is irrelevant and cannot be used by itself for excluding an event. Cf. the linked Google maps in the last column!

 

Comprehensive listing of all

Solar Eclipses Within March and April

from 107 CE through 295 CE

 

#

Dated eclipse

Year (CE)

Type

Time of Maximum Eclipse (UT)

 

1

Apr 11

107

H

 

00:15

 

2

Mar 30

108

P

06:45

 

3

Mar 31

116

A

21:57

 

4

Mar 21

117

A

02:19

 

5

Apr 21

125

H

07:30

 

6

Apr 10

126

P

13:40

 

7

Apr 12

134

A

05:11

 

8

Apr 1

135

A

09:17

 

9

Mar 20

136

A

09:31

 

10

Apr 20

144

P

20:27

 

11

Mar 11

145

A

04:54

 

12

Apr 22

152

A

12:16

 

13

Apr 11

153

A

16:04

 

14

Mar 31

154

A

16:27

 

15

Mar 20

155

P

20:51

 

16

Mar 22

163

A

12:03

 

17

Mar 10

164

A

18:21

 

18

Apr 22

171

A

22:45

 

19

Apr 10

172

A

23:18

 

20

Mar 31

173

P

04:13

 

21

Apr 1

181

P

19:06

 

22

Mar 22

182

H

01:59

 

23

Mar 11

183

T

15:32

Britain

24

Apr 22

190

A

06:01

 

25

Apr 11

191

P

11:30

 

26

Mar 1

192

T

15:00

 

27

Feb 19

193

T

07:30

 

28

Apr 13

199

P

02:02

 

29

Apr 1

200

H

09:29

 

30

21 Mar

201

T

23:29

 

31

11 Mar

202

P

16:15

 

32

21 Apr

209

P

18:41

 

33

12 Mar

210

T

23:06

 

34

2 Mar

211

T

15:44

 

35

23 Apr

217

P

08:53

 

36

12 Apr

218

T

16:54

 

37

2 Apr

219

T

07:21

 

38

22 Mar

220

P

00:16

 

39

23 Mar

228

T

07:07

Britain

40

12 Mar

229

T

23:50

 

41

2 Mar

230

A

13:06

 

42

23 Apr

236

T

00:14

 

43

12 Apr

237

T

15:04

 

44

2 Apr

238

P

08:09

 

45

3 Apr

246

T

14:59

 

46

24 Mar

247

T

07:46

Ethiopia

47

12 Mar

248

A

20:51

 

48

2 Mar

249

P

02:46

 

49

23 Apr

255

T

22:44

 

50

12 Apr

256

T

15:54

 

51

3 Mar

257

A

18:10

 

52

13 Apr

264

P

22:45

 

53

3 Apr

265

T

15:35

 

54

24 Mar

266

A

04:27

 

55

13 Mar

267

P

10:05

 

56

23 Apr

274

T

23:33

 

57

15 Mar

275

A

01:47

 

58

3 Mar

276

A

05:18

 

59

25 Apr

282

P

06:25

 

60

14 Apr

283

T

23:15

 

61

3 Apr

284

A

11:52

 

62

23 Mar

285

P

17:13

 

63

25 Mar

293

P

09:10

 

64

14 Mar

294

A

12:29

 

65

3 Mar

295

A

12:30

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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[1] Original footnote: “Sixty-six

[2] SNB Feb 19, 174 CE, Valentio, S. Italy horizon sunrise: 06:51:43 (50% eclipsed;) 07:22 total solar eclipse; 0% eclipse: 08:28.