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1987 Fluoride Abstracts. Part 2.
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Abstracts for the
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J Anesth. 1987 Sep 1;1(2):148-54.
Plasma fluoride concentration and urinary fluoride excretion in obese and non-obese patients following enflurane anesthesia.
Tohyama Y.
Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
Plasma fluoride concentrations and urinary fluoride excretions were measured following enflurane anesthesia (1.5%, 2 hours) in obese (8 cases) and non-obese (9 cases) patients. At the end of anesthesia, there was no significant difference in plasma fluoride concentrations between the two groups. In the several days following anesthesia, however, plasma fluoride concentrations in obese patients were higher than those in non-obese patients. Urinary fluoride excretions after anesthesia were greater in obese patients than those in non-obese patients, and the period of increased fluoride excretion was prolonged in obese patients. These results suggested that obese patients metabolized more enflurane than non-obese patients during the postanesthetic period. In obese patients, their excess fatty tissue may cause a greater and more prolonged elevation of blood enflurane concentrations after anesthesia.
PMID: 15235851 [PubMed - in process]
Folia Med Cracov 1987;28(1-2):139-46
[Combined effects of ionizing radiation and sodium fluoride on the frequency of somatic mutations in Tradescantia]
[Article in Polish]
Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Guminska M, Huczkowski J, Kuternozinska W.
PMID: 3623316 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Arch Oral Biol 1987;32(6):401-6
Factors influencing the bioavailability of fluoride from calcium-rich, health-food products and CaF2 in man.
Trautner K, Einwag J.
Dental School, University of Wurzburg, F.R.G.
After single, oral doses, 8 h profiles of fluoride (F) concentrations in plasma were determined in healthy human volunteers. Bioavailability of F from bone-meal, calcium and CaF2 tablets was evaluated in relation to that of NaF. Tablets were administered either whole or as a finely-ground powder, either to fasting subjects or with breakfast. Availability was lowest from whole tablets taken by fasting subjects, and highest from powdered substances given with breakfast. Mean F availabilities ranged between 7.2 and 39 per cent with bone-meal tablets, between 20 and 59 per cent with Ca tablets, and between 0 and 47 per cent with CaF2 tablets.
PMID: 3479080 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Nutr 1987 Mar;117(3):496-500
Influence of dietary magnesium on fluoride bioavailability in the rat.
Cerklewski FL.
A factorial experiment was conducted with weanling rats fed a purified diet to determine the influence of dietary magnesium (200, 500 or 2500 ppm) as the carbonate on fluoride bioavailability (2 or 10 ppm as sodium fluoride). After 6 wk, rats fed the lowest magnesium-containing diets had significant reductions of plasma and femur magnesium. Higher dietary fluoride prevented accumulation of calcium in the kidneys of magnesium-deficient rats. Rats fed the lowest magnesium-containing diets had significantly more fluoride in their femurs and molar teeth than other groups at both levels of fluoride, whereas rats fed diets containing 5 times normal magnesium had less fluoride in their femurs and molars. The magnitude of the magnesium effect was considerably greater in rats fed diets containing 10 ppm fluoride compared to 2 ppm, indicating a highly significant, level-dependent interaction between magnesium and fluoride. Five-day metabolic studies conducted during wk 3 and 6 showed that low dietary magnesium significantly enhanced fluoride absorption, whereas high dietary magnesium significantly reduced fluoride absorption. Fluoride retention values simply reflected absorptive changes, which indicates that the site of the interaction between magnesium and fluoride is at the intestinal level, most likely involving insoluble complex formation.
PMID: 3572562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1987; 20(2):54-63
Elimination of excess fluoride in potable water with coacervation by electrolysis using an aluminum anode
Liu Ming *, Sun Rui Yi, Zhang Jun Hua, Bina Yuan, Wei Lei, Liu Ping, Kei Chiro Fuwa
Director and Engineer of Chang Zhou Environmental Institute, Hebei, China
Summary: Potable water in Chang Zhou, China, contains rather high levels of fluroide (4 to 5 mg/L), and elimination of excess fluoride from it has been a serious problem. In this study, a new method to remove excess amounts of floride from potable water has been developed based on the coacervation induced by electrolysis using an aluminum anode. By this method, the concentration of fluoride decreases from 4-5 mg/L to 0.5-1.0 mg/L, without significant changes in levels of other ions. Furthermore, 90-95% of E. coli and oher baceria were removed; the turbidity of the water was also markedly decreased. Experimental parameters in this method such as the ratio of fluoride to aluminum, pH, effect of agitation, etc., are discussed in detail. The method is easier, safer, and less expensive than use of activated alumina.
Environ Pollut. 1987;44(3):177-92.
Fluoride in the prey of barn owls (Tyto alba).
Thomson AG.
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Station, Penrhos Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2LQ, Great Britain.
Bone fluoride in short-tailed voles (Microtus agrestis) and common shrews (Sorex araneus), the prey of barn owls (Tyto alba), was studied on Anglesey, North Wales. The average fluoride content of M. agrestis skulls obtained from a location 0.9 km from an aluminium reduction plant was significantly greater than that of skulls from another location 22 km from the source of industrial fluoride pollution. At both locations, mean fluoride levels of skulls extracted from owl pellets and those of voles trapped mechanically were broadly similar but important differences existed. Near the aluminium reduction plant, owls caught voles and shrews with a much wider range of fluoride levels than occurred at a single trapping site. However, there was no evidence for selection of heavily fluoridated prey. Within 1 km of the aluminium reduction plant, six trapping sites yielded S. araneus with a fourfold difference between the highest and lowest mean bone fluoride level.
PMID: 15092770 [PubMed - in process]
Environ Pollut. 1987;43(2):115-28.
Autocorrelation and univariate time series modelling for grass fluoride and airborne fluoride concentrations.
Craggs C, Davison AW.
School of Mathematics & Statistics, Newcastle Polytechnic, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Great Britain.
The dependence of observed fluoride levels-grass, gaseous air and particulate air-on previous levels was investigated in the field situation. Autocorrelation was found in grass fluoride observations, and to a lesser extent was present in both gaseous and particulate airborne fluorides. Univariate time series models were obtained which accounted for 56-66% of total variation in grass fluoride, 31% in gaseous airborne and 26% in particulate airborne fluorides. The large amount of variation unexplained by the models was thought to be due to the influence of environmental and meteorological factors not included in the models, and random variation due to day-to-day and plot-to-plot variation.
PMID: 15092805 [PubMed - in process]
Environ Pollut. 1987;44(4):279-96.
Multivariate stochastic modelling of grass fluoride and airborne fluorides.
Craggs C, Davison AW.
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Polytechnic, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Great Britain.Stochastic modelling was used to investigate the influence of airborne fluorides (in the case of grass fluoride) and meteorological factors on both grass and airborne fluoride levels, taking into consideration lagged dependence. Using rigorous grass sampling methods, there were indications of a negative relationship between volume of rainfall and grass fluoride concentrations, but no apparent relationship between the time which the leaf was visibly wet and grass fluoride levels. No evidence was found that rainfall washed airborne fluoride from the atmosphere or that wind variables influenced grass fluoride. For one particular experimental site, a multivariate stochastic model, which accounts for 81% of the total variation of the grass fluoride series, is developed.
PMID: 15092766 [PubMed - in process]
Environ Pollut. 1987;46(1):1-9.
Factors determining amounts of fluoride in woodlice Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber, litter and soil near an aluminium reduction plant.
Walton KC.
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Station, Penrhos Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2LQ, Great Britain.
Amounts of fluoride were measured in whole woodlice Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber, together with associated soil and litter, from 17 sites near an aluminium reduction plant at Holyhead, Anglesey, in North Wales. There was a strong positive correlation between amounts of fluoride in woodlice, soil and litter in all comparisons ( [Formula: see text] ). Highest and lowest fluoride concentrations in woodlice differed by a factor of [Formula: see text]. Where both woodlice species occurred together at the more polluted sites, fluoride levels in Oniscus asellus were generally twice as high as those found in Porcellio scaber. At any given site, amounts of environmental fluoride were determined partly by distance and direction from the pot-rooms of the plant (a function of prevailing winds), modified by the presence of trees which acted as collectors for gaseous and particulate fluoride.PMID: 15092739 [PubMed - in process]
Environ Pollut. 1987;46(2):151-9.
Influence of a diet of flouride-fed Cockerels on reproductive performance of captive American kestrels.
Carriere D, Bird DM, Stamm JW.
Macdonald Raptor Research Centre of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 1CO, Canada.
In 1982, twenty-four pairs of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were forced to renest by removal of their first clutches 6 days after their completion. Immediately following, each of three groups of eitht pairs was randomly assigned to one of three daily dietary regimes for 10 days:
(1) three 1-day old cockerels with background levels of F(-) ( [Formula: see text] ) in their femurae,
(2) two 10-day old cockerels with [Formula: see text] of F(-)in their femurae,
(3) two 10-day old cockerels with [Formula: see text] of F(-) in their femurae.
Fluoride levels in femurae of treated kestrels were significantly ( [Formula: see text] ) higher than those of control birds. Clutch sizes tended to be smaller as more fluoride was added to the diet, but not significantly so, due to an increase of the variance in the treatment group. Per cent fertility and per cent hatchability were not significantly affected by treatment. The fluoride content in eggshells in the fluoride-treated groups differed significantly from those of the control group ( [Formula: see text] ).PMID: 15092738 [PubMed - in process]
Environ Pollut. 1987;47(2):123-33. Related Articles, Links
Effect of fluoride on pH, organic matter and solubility of elements in soils.
Elrashidi MA, Lindsay WL.
Department of Agronomy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
The effect of NaF addition on pH, organic matter and the solubilities of fifteen elements was investigated on twenty-eight surface soil samples. Four concentrations of NaF were added: 0, 10(-2.7), 10(-1.7) and 10(-1.0)m F in solution. Addition of NaF increased the pH and the solubility of organic matter for all soils. The magnitude of these increases was higher for acid than for alkaline soils. Aluminum, Fe and Ca showed the greatest increases in solubility while Mg, K, Mn and P showed intermediate increases. The elements Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Mo and Ba showed only slight increases in solubility. Another experiment was conducted to test whether the effects of NaF on pH, organic matter and the solubilities of various elements were due to F or Na. Four levels of NaCl similar to those for NaF were added to three acid and two alkaline soils. The results confirmed the effects of F on soil pH, organic matter and the solubilities of all elements investigated except those of K, Ca and Mg. Addition of Na as NaF resulted in release of K, Ca and Mg from the exchange sites on solid surfaces into solution.
PMID: 15092714 [PubMed - in process]
Fluoride 1987; 20(2):64-67
A native index of defluoridation by serpentine
M Marutamuthu and JV Reddy
Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Madras, A.C. College Campus, Madras, India
Summary: A native index of defluoridation has been identified as the ratio of fluoride content in two varieties of serpentine. The index has a value of 1.3 indicating that the green variety of serpentine is 1.3 times more efficient than the yellow variety for defluoridation. This has been proved experimentally by showing the agreement between the native index and the ratio of experimental defluoridating efficiencies. Adsorption of fluroide on serpentine obeys the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the ratio of the slopes of the adorption isotherms for the two varieties of serpentine and agrees nicely with the native index.
Excerpt: Serpentine is a naturally ocurring metasilicate of magnesium and it is represented as 3 MgO • 2 SiO2 • 2 H2O or Mg3Si2O5(OH)...
Fluoride 1987; 20(2):68-70
Acute toxicity of fluoride to mice
Pillai KS *, Mathai AT, Deshmukh PB
* Jai Research Foundation, Valsad, Gujarat, India
Summary: Mice were orally administered (single dose) 46, 49, 51, 54, 57 and 60 mg F-/kg body weight of the animal. LD50 values for male and female mice were calculated as 54.4 and 51.6 mg F-/kg body weight, respectively. The slopes (b) or regression equations (probit of mortality vs log F- dose) of both sexes did not differ statistically; a common slope was established for both sexes to calculate the LD50 of F- for mice (51.5 mgF-/kg body weight).
Fluoride 1987; 20(2):71-74
Alteration in gastric enzymes of rats following in situ administration of NaF
Rastogi R, Upreti RK, Kidwai AM *
* Scientist-in-charge, Biomembrane, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India.
Summary: Fluoride intoxication studies were carried out following in situ administration of 24, 48 and 96 mM NaF into the rat stomach. Gastric luminal fluid showed significant enhanced levels of various cell membrane enzymes following NaF treatment. SDS-gel electrophoresis also revealed a concentration-dependent release of several polypeptide bands. The results indicate that the higher concentrtions of fluoride could partially damage the gastric cell lining.
Fluoride 1987; 20(2):75-78
Analysis of fluoride content in 1376 water samples and endemic fluorosis in Jiang Xi Province
Yanyu-fu *, Wanfeng-gen, Zhaurong-shun
* Jiang Xi Hygienic and Anti-Epidemic Station, NanChang, Jiang Xi, China
Summary: This survey was to determine the fluoride content in drinking water and the extent of endemic fluorosis in the entire province, in order to prevent it. The fluoride content of major water samples is less than 1 ppm and distribution of fluorosis is spotty. The fluoride content in water and fluorosis were not significantly correlated.
Fluoride 1987; 20(2):79-83
Urinary fluoride in workers and rats exposed to phosphorites
Czarnowski W, Krechniak J, Szelezynski *
* Department of Toxicology and Pulmonology, Medical Academy in Gdansk, Poland
Summary: Absorbed phosporites may release free fluorides into the human organism. Urinary fluorides of workers employed in transport of phosphorites was significantly higher than in controls. In rats given single doses of phosphorite dust orally and intracheally urinary fluoride increased distinctly for several days. Pharmacokinetic parameters indicate that occupational exposure to phosphorite dust may lead to accumulation of fluorides in humans.
Excerpt: The output and processing of fluorine-bearing sedimentary phosphorite rocks increases with the growing demand for fertilizers...
Fluoride 1987; 20(2):84-91
Changes in metabolites and physiological activites in a freshwater mussel, Indonaia caeruleus (Prashad) due to short-term exposure to fluoride
Mane UH *, Pillai KS, Akarte SR, Kulkarni DA, Rao KR
* Laboratory of Molluscan Endocrinology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
Summary: Exposure of freshwater Indonaia caeruleus to 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 ppm fluoride for 12 hr, produced changes in rate of heart beat and oxygen consumption. Fluoride affected protein, glycogen and lipid conent of various tissues. When the animals exposed to fluoride were maintained in fluoride-free medium for 12 hr, the rate of heart beat and oxygen consumption almost returned to normal. In this medium changes in metabolites varied considerably. Toxicity of fluoride is specfic to different tissues and doses/concentration.
Fluoride 1987; 20(3):101-103
Editorial
Continuing controversy over dietary fluoride tolerance for dairy cattle
AW Burgstahler
Excerpt: In an earlier Editorial (1), attention was called to disturbing new data assembled by Cornell University veterinary scientists from field investigations of cattle fluorosis caused by industrial fluoride emissions in an upstate New York-Canada area (2,3). Their findings strongly suggested that the present National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) recomendation (4) of a 40-ppm tolerance standard or fluroide in the dry ration does not protect dairy cattle against the destructive biological and economic impacts of severe chronic fluoride poisoning.
Chemical analyses of representative forage and bone sampls indicated that the mean dieary fluroide levels of these herds, at least at the time of the studies, were well within the "threshold" values proposed by the NAS-NRC for chronic fluroide toxicosis in dairy cattle. Yet many of these animals, both young and old, had become afflicted with debilitating skeletal as well as dental fluorosis. Moreover, subsequent generations exhibited stunted growth, increased numbers of stillbirths, premature mortality, and a significant decrease in milk production. In further studies (5,6), the Cornell invetigators confirmed and amplified these findings. Recently, they have reported similar results (7,8) from fluoride-contaminated commercial feed and mineral supplements introduced into a previously highly productive dairy farm in western Pennsylvania...
(1) Editorial: Standards for fluoride tolerance. Fluoride (1980); 13:135-147
(2) Krook L et al (1979). Industrial fluoride pollution. Chronic fluoride poisoning in Cornwall Island cattle. Cornell Vet; 69 Suppl; 8:1-70.
(3) Crissman et al (1980). Federal fluoride pollution standards do not protect cattle health. Cornell Vet 70; 183-192.
(4) National Research Council, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Subcommittee on fluorosis (1974). Effects of fluorides in animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, pp 1-70.
(5) Maylin GA et al (1982). Milk production of cows exposed to industrial fluoride pollution. J Toxicol Environ Health; 10:473-478.
(6) Krook L et al (1983). Dental fluorosis in cattle. Cornell Vet; 73:340-362.
(7) Eckerlin RH et al (1986). Milk production in cows fed fluoride-contaminated commercial feed. Cornell Vet; 76:403-414.
(8) Maylin GA et al (1987). Fluoride intoxication in dairy calves. Cornell Vet; 77:84-98
Cornell Vet 1987 Jan;77(1):84-98
Fluoride intoxication in dairy calves.
Maylin GA, Eckerlin RH, Krook L.
Chronic fluoride intoxication in dairy cattle, caused by feeding fluoride contaminated commercial feed, was previously described in a dairy herd. Dental fluorosis and a catastrophic decrease in milk yield were the foremost findings. In calves born to the fluoride intoxicated cows, congenital fluorosis was manifested by brown discoloration of enamel, enamel hypoplasia, brown mottling of bone, severe retardation of cartilage cell differentiation, atrophy of osteoblasts, osteopenia, atrophy of bone marrow cells, serous atrophy of bone marrow fat and severely stunted growth.
PMID: 3802832 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1987; 20(3):104-108
Role of copper in skeletal changes in fluorosis: an experimental study in rabbits
Mittal RL *, Sidhu SS, Khokhar SS
* Department of Orthopedics, Government Medical College/Ragendra Hospital, Patiala (Punjab), India
Summary: The influence of traces of copper on the normal skeleton is well known. In certain endemic fluorosis areas in India, Krishnamachari and Krishnaswamy (1) observed osteoporotic changes which were considered due to copper deficiency. The present study provides the experimental basis for this theory.
(1) Krishnamachari KAVR, Krishnaswamy K (1974). An epidemiological study of the syndrome of Genu Valgum among residents of endemic areas for fluorosis in Andhra Pradesh. Ind J Med Res; 62: 1415-1423.
Fluoride 1987; 20(3):109-112
Binding of fluoride with tamarind gel
M Maruthamuthu and JV Reddy
Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Madras, A.C. College Campus, Madras, India
Summary: The binding of fluoride with tamarind gel has been studied by adopting equibrium dialysis technique. Application of Klotz method to this heterogeneous system with r values, i.e., moles of bound fluoride per 105 g of tamaind gel, ranging from 15-22, yielded the first binding constant (inK) 1 x 104. Protein constituent of tamarind has been concluded to be the active component interacting with fluoride.
Fluoride 1987; 20(3):113-117
Inhibition of lipid metabolism in germinating mung bean seeds by fluoride
Yu MH *, Young RG, Sepanski L
* Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225, USA
Summary: The effects of NaF on the fatty acid composition and lipase activity were studied in germinating mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds. Palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were found to be among the major fatty acids in cotyledon extracts. Fluoride caused a marked reduction in palmitic and linoleic acids. In the presence of 1.0 mM NaF, the activity of lipase prepared from the cotyledon was inhibited by about 50%.
Fluoride 1987; 20(3):118-125
Industrial pollution in the metallurgical industry in China
Yang Z *, Luo Y, Zhang L, Zhao Z
* Institute of Labor Protection, China National Nonferrous Metals Industrial Corporation, Changsha, Hunan, China
Summary: The hazard of airborne fluoride pollution in 63 plants in the metallurgical industry in China was studied. Fluoride injuries to plant workers were most severe in the electrolysis works in aluminum plants and iron smelters. The incidence of fluorosis among workers was 3.2%, and the symptoms were systemic. For diagnosis, both the effects of airborne fluroide pollution and fluoride content in water must be considered, because some workers come from areas where fluoride content in water is high and fluorosis is endemic. Anti-air-pollution devices are needed to reduce the hazard of industrial fluoride pollution.
Fluoride 1987; 20(3):126-136
Effect of fluorides in ambient air on grass species growing in artificial grassland communities
LO DeTemmerman * and H Baeten
* Institute for Chemical Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Tervuren, Belgium
Summary: Much fluoride research has been done on pure grass cultures. However, to determine how grass species behave in a grassland community exposed to ambient fluorides, two mixtures of grass species, mixture A consiting of Lollum perene, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratensis and mixture B consisting of the same species without Dactylis glomerata were sown in containers (48 x 30 cm; h. 20 cm) filled with a sandy arable soil, equipped with a semi-automatic watering system.
Containers were placed in a polluted area and in a control area; grass was clipped 3-5 times a year for 3-4 years, 4-5 cm about ground level.
Each harvested grass mixture (400-500 shoots per container) was divided into the different species and the dry matter production and the number of tillers per container were determined as well as the fluoride content of each species.
The daily average fluoride concentration during the growing season was 1.4 to 2.2 µg/m3. Peak concentrations up to 14 µg/m3 (daily average) occurred. Immission measurements were done with a single filter method. Lollum perenne appeared to be the least sensitive species whereas Phleum pratense was the most inhibited. After 1-2 years, Lollum started to dominate the community (mixture B) in the polluted area in contrast to the control area. Dactylis glomerata (mixture A) was also rather sensitve but under the applied mowing cycle it was dominating on both areas in spite of a strong growth inhibition in the polluted area.
Fluoride 1987; 20(3):137-141
Effects of inhaled HF on cholesterol, carbohydrate and tricarboxylic acid metabolism in guinea pigs
Dousset JC *, Rioufol C, Philibert C, Bourbon P
* Laboratories de Toxicologie et de Biochemie, Faculte de Pharmacie, Toulouse, France
Summary: HF inhalation produced a significant increase in plasma cholesterol levels in guinea pigs. This increase may be related to an enhanced activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The NADPH and H produced in the shunt serves as hydrogen and electron donors in cholesterol biosynthesis catalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co A reductase. On the other hand, HF inhalation caused a reduction in isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, leading to an accumulation of citric acid, which is a positive effector of acetyl Co A carboxylase, key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Fluoride 1987; 20(4):151-153
Guest Editorial
Toxic effects of fluoride released by bone resorption
PRN Sutton
Fluoride 1987; 20(4):154-161
Fluoride pollution caused by phosphate fertilizer plant and its effect on children's health
Ding J *, Zheng Z, Cao D
* Human Institute of Labour Hygiene and Occupational Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
Summary: An investigation into the effects of fluoride air pollution on children's health caused by a phosphate fertilizer plant indicated that fluoride has already adversely affected the health of children residing in close proximity. It is mainly manifested by decline in growth and development, increase in incidence of dental mottling (56.2%) and in urinary fluoride (1.53 mg/F/L) of exposed children. Moreover, such symptoms as headache, dizziness, pain in joints and limbs, pharyngeal congestion and folliculosis occur more frequently than in non-polluted areas.
Fluoride 1987; 20(4):162-171
Determination of fluoride and trace elements in human hair by x-ray fluorescence analysis
Yamagata H *, Yoshida Y, Kono K, Watanabe M, Tamura T
* Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
Summary: A simple x-ray fluorescence analysis method has been applied for the determination of fluoride and 21 other trace elements in human hair. It utilizes strands of hair which are mounted on a cylindrical holder and irradiated with an x-ray beam. The effective sample mass was estimated by measuring the scattered x-ray photons. The calibration curve for the measurement of the F content was prepaed by the microdroplet method using a formed filter paper. Results of this method were well related to those obtained by the ion sleective electrode method.
A pooled sample of hair was divided and portions prepared for analysis using six washing procedues, to evaluate the effect of the washing procedure on the content of fluoride and 21 other trace elements. Differences in results were significant after these washing procedures for elements such as Na, Mg and K. Concentations of F, Al, P, Ca, Fe, Zn and I were also vigorously affected by some washing procedres. Investigation of the correlation between the concentration of each element and analysis of the principal component showed that the content of certain elements changed due to different washing procedures indicating that the trace-element analysis of hair is sensitive to the preparation technique.
Preliminary estimation of normal F levels in human hair showed no significant differenes between males and females. The frequency distribution of hair F concentration in healthy males and females (279 Japanese subjects), living in Osaka district, aged 20 to 90, showed approximately a logarithic normal distribution; its geometric mean value (with S.D. range) was 15.4 (9.0-26.3) ppm.
Fluoride 1987; 20(4):171-176
Enamel biopsy studies after five years consumption of fluoridated milk
Toth Z, Zimmermann P, Banoczy J *, Szombath D
* Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry and Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary
Summary: Enamel biopsy examination from incisor teeth of 41 institutionalized children, aged eight to ten years, who had consumed fluoridated milk for five years, showed a significant increase in enamel fluoride content (12.54 +-0.761 ng), compared with data from 47 control children (730 +-0.360 ng). The amount of dissolved calcium was lower in the test group (4.57 +-0.511 µg), than in controls (5.60 +-0.533 µg). These data agree with the results of clinical investigations, demonstrating a considerable reduction in caries prevalence and DMF mean values.
Fluoride 1987; 20(4):177-182
Effect of fluoride toxicity on chlorophyll content of Vicia faba and Allium cepa under modified conditions of NPK nutrition
S Rathore
Chemical Lab, Regional Centre for Exploration and Research, Atomic Minerals Division, Department of Atomic Energy, Shillong, India
Summary: The effects of different concentrations (0, 10, 24, 50, 100 and 250 ppm) of sodium fluoride which were sprayed fortnightly on Vicia faba (Broad bean) and Allium cepa (onion) plants were studied in randomized plots treated with varying levels of NPK fertilizers. The chlorophyll content of plant leaves of both species was estimated at different time intervals. The maximum chlorophyll content was found in control of T3 (75 kg/ha each of N, P and K fertilizers) and it was reduced with the increase of NaF concentration. Burning of tips and margins was observed at higher sodium fluroide concentrations. Fertlizer combinations reduce the toxic effect of NaF.
Fluoride 1987; 20(4):183-188
Effect of fluoride administration on organs of gastrointestinal tract - an experimental study on rabbits - effect on tissue proteins
Shashi, Thapar SP *, Singh JP
* Department of Anatomy, Dayanand Medcal College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
Summary: The protein content of stomach, duodenum and ileum of fluoride-treated rabbits was analyzed and compared with that of control rabbits. The animals were injected 0, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg NaF/kg body weight/day, subcutaneously for 100 days. The stomach of fluoride-treated rabbits exhibited a decrease in the level of total proteins, acidic and basic, in both sexes in a dose-dependent manner. In the duodenum, the amount of proteins was depleted in all treated rabits compared to the control, in both males and females. Females showed a greater derease in proteins in the ileum than males. In the ileum, females exhibited a 93% decrease in protein (50 mg F- group) compared to an 81% decrease in males.
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):1-3
Guest Editorial
Water fluoridation and osteoporosis
Ilkka Arnala
Department of Surgery, Kuopio University Central Hosptial, Kuopio, Finland
In a widely-quoted report, Simonen and Laitinen (1) postulated that the incidence of osteoporotic hip fractures can be significantly reduced by water fluoridation at a level of 1 mg/L. This conclusion was based on data from the fluoridated city of Kuopio, Finland, which we also studied in our epidemiological investigation (2). However, in contrast to their results, we found no evidence that fluoridated water is associated with less osteoporosis or a lower rate of attendant hip fractures.
As pointed out by Burgstahler (3) in his discussion of these contradictory findings, there is a major inconsistency between the results of Simonen and Laitinen and those of other investigators, namely the relatively high incidence of hip fractures among men compared to women reported by Simonen and Laitinen for their low-fluoride (0-0.1 mg/L) control city of Jyvaskyla. Independently, Sutton (4) also questioned the findings of Simonen and Laitinen and wondered why these authors had not cited our conflicting results. In their reply to Sutton, Simonen and Laitinen (5) stated they felt that our "histomorphometric studies are valid and acceptable" but not our epidemiological findings. The latter they rejeted on various methodological grounds, principally because we had not reported hip fracture incidence according to sex.
We had not presented this information primarily because the number of fracture cases in some of the age groups, especially among men, is rather small. As seen in Table 1, however, when our results are expressed by sex, there are still no statistically significant differences in incidence rates between the low-fluoride (0-0.3 mg/L), fluoridated (1 mg/L), and high-fluoride (above 1.5 mg/L) areas. Furthermore, with but one exception in one age group, fracture rates in all three areas are consistently higher for women than for men, in agreement with the large-scale survey results of Madans et al. (6) in the USA.
Simonen and Latinen (1) found a relatively high incidence of hip fractures among men aged 50-59, in low-fluoride Jyvaskyla compared to fluoridated Kuopio. This finding can be explained by a larger number of high-energy (severe trauma) fractures in Jyvaskyla, which is more industrialized than Kuopio. In compiling their cases, Simonen and Laitinen used codes 820.0 and 820.10 in the International Classification of Diseases, based on hospital discharge daa for Finalnd for residents of the two communities. However, only the central area of Kuopio is supplied with fluoridaed water; people living in other parts of the city have their own water sources, which are very low in fluoride.
In our Kuopio survey, we examined individually the files of all hip fracture patients and checked to make sure they actually had lived in the fluoridated area for at least 10 years prior to the fracture. Moreover, all patients with high-energy accidents, pathological fractures, metabolic bone disease, etc., were excluded. In some cases the international code designations were found to be completely incorrect. Obviously it is not possible to make such distinctions simply on the basis of hospital discharge data. Although less important in a large population, these factors cannot be ignored in a study such as this one.
Finally, in our histomorphometric study we found no increase in trabecular bone mass even in the high fluoride area where, however, the amount of unmineralized osteoid was increased. The absence of increased bone mass in a high-fluoride (4 mg/L) community in northwest Iowa, along with no decrease in bone fractures, has also been reported recently (7). In our study no differences in the histomorphometric parameters as well as fracture incidence beteen the low-fluoride and fluoridated water areas was observed. Consequently, and in view of the relatively small number of cases, it is unwarranted to conclude from the study of Simonen and Laitinen that fluoridated water can prevent osteoporotic hip fractures. The same applied to a recent study in Hungary by Fazekas (8) who, like Simonen and Latinen, found a higher incidence of hospital-recorded hip fractures of all types among men - but not among women - in a small low-fluoride (0.2 mg/L) commuity than in a nearby community with a fluoride level of 1 mg/L in drinking water.
It would indeed be ideal if some dominating factor could be discovered that does prevent osteoporosis and its complications, especially hip fractures. But osteoporosis is too complex and not well-enough understood to be solved simply by the addition of a single chemical element to community water supplies. To date no incontrovertible evidence that fluoridation of drinking water is an effective prophylaxis against osteoporosis is available.
(1) Simonen O, Latinen O (1985). Does fluoridation of drinking-water prevent bone fragility and osteoporosis? Lancet 2:432-434. [Abstract]
(2) Arnala I: Bone fluoride, histomorphometry and incidence of hip fracture. Publications of the University of Kuopio, Medicine, Series Original Reports, Kuopio, 1/183.
Cf. Arnala I, Alhava EM, Kauranen P (1985). Effects of fluoride on bone in Finland: histomorphometry of cadaver bone from low and high fluoride areas. Acta Orthop Scand 56:161-166. [Abstract]
Armala I, Alhava EM, Kauranen P, Kivivuori R (1986). Hip fracture incidence not affected by fluoridation. Osteofluorosis studied in Finland. Acta Orthop Scand 57:344-348. [Abstract]
(3) Burgstahler AW (1986). Editorial. Osteoporotic hip fractures and fluoridation. Fluoride 19:51-54.
(4) Sutton PRN (1986). [Letter] Fluoridation and hip fractures: conflicting data. Med J Aust March 3; 144:277
(5) Simonen O, Laitinen O (1986). Letter. Med J Aust March 3; 144:277-278
(6) Madans J, Kleinman JC, Cornoni-Huntley J (1983). The relationship between hip fracture and water fluoridation: an analysis of national data. Am J Public Health 73:296-298. [Abstract]
(7) Sowers MR, Wallace RB, Lemke JH (1986). The relationship of bone mass and fracture history to fluoride and calcium intake: a study of three communities. Am J Clin Nutr 44:889-898. [Abstract]
(8) Fazekas A (1985). Incidence of femoral neck fractures in areas with optimal and low levels of fluoride in the drinking water. [Article in Hungarian - no abstract available at PubMed]. Fogorvosi Szemle 78:380-382.
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):4-10
Hydrogeochemistry of fluoride in the drought-prone hard-rock regions of peninsular India
V Ramesam
Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):11-13
Case history of acute poisoning by sodium fluorosilicate
Dadej N, Kosimider K, Machoy Z *, Samujilo D
* Pomeranian Medical Academy, Department of Biochemistry, Szczecin, Poland
Summary: A rare case of acute poisoning by sodium fluorosilicate is presented in the treatment of which calcium preparations administered intravenously played an important role.
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):49
Report on the Third Fluorine Symposium in Szczecin, Poland
[May 30-31, 1986]["Effect of Air Fluoride on Plants and Foodstuffs"]
Z Machoy
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):14-17
Soil response and alfalfa fluoride content as affected by irrigation water
de Troiani RM, Sanchez TM, Lavado RS *
* Facultad de Agronomia (Universidad Nacional de La Pampa) Santa Rosa (La Pampa), Argentina. Author is with PROSAG, Buenos Aires.
Summary: Fluoride conaining irrigation water used on soil and crops during six years caused soil soluble F- to increase lineraly as irigation proceeded. Total F- increased only in the surface of the soil where it appeas to reach a plateau. Further studies showed a decrease in F- retention capacity and a CaF2 soil solution saturation. The deep horizon showed no detectable F- retention capacity. Soil properties favor persistence of added F- in soil solution. The danger of F- toxicity increases as irrigation progresses. With increase in water soluble F-, alfalfa F- content increases.
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):18-23
The fluorine content of Chinese and black teas available in Hong Kong
NM King * and MCK Tsang
* Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong.
Summary: An experimental method of preparing a tea infusion was devised to simulate the situation in Chinese restaurants. The total fluoride content of Chinese and black teas was of the same magnitude (0.199-0.422 mg per ml tea). However, the dissolvable fluoride content of black teas was consistently higher than that of Chinese teas.
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):24-27 [Source link]
Effect of borax in treatment of skeletal fluorosis
Zhou LY *, Wei ZD, Ldu SZ
* Department of Hygiene, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
Summary: Borax was used during 1981-1982 for treatment of 31 patients suffering from skeletal fluorosis. The amount administered was gradually increased from 300-1100 g/day during a three month period, with one week resting period each month.
Experimental criteria included observation of symptoms, of physical signs such as movement of joints, and urinary excretion of F- and BF-4. Findings in patients given borax were compared with data obtained from controls to whom no borax was administered. The borax group experienced a good effect rate.
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):28-29
Spinal cord studies in fluorotic dogs
Reddy DR *, Murthy JMK, Mohan SR, et al.
* Department of Neurosurgery, Pathology, Osmania and Gandhi Medical Colleges, Institute of Preventive Medicine, R.R. Labs, Hyderabad, India
Summary: No studies are available of spinal cord examination in cases of fluorotic spinal compression. Only one report in the literature is concerned with the spinal cord in a case of industrial fluorosis. The findings in this patient, who died of glioblastoma multiform, indicate the presence of anterior horn cell disease in fluorosis.
In the present study, spinal cords in five fluorotic dogs from the endemic area were studied histologically: in none of the spinal cord sections was evidence of anterior horn cell lesion observed.
[Note from FAN:
Definition of glioblastoma multiform(e): a glioma consisting chiefly of undifferentiated anaplastic cells of glial origin that show marked nuclear pleomorphism, necrosis, and vascular endothelial profileration; frequently, tumor cells are arranged radially about an irregular focus of necrosis; these neoplasms grow rapidly, invade extensively, and occur most frequently in the cerebrum of adults. SYN grade IV astrocytoma.
Ref: Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions. Illustrated 4th Edition. Ed. JH Dirckx. 2001. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.]
JAMA 1987 Oct 16;258(15):2041, 2044
Leads from the MMWR. Fatalities resulting from sulfuryl fluoride exposure after home fumigation--Virginia.
PMID: 3656613 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987 Sep 18;36(36):602-4, 609-11
Fatalities resulting from sulfuryl fluoride exposure after home fumigation--Virginia.
PMID: 3114607 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Am J Kidney Dis 1987 Aug;10(2):136-9
Fluoride-induced chronic renal failure.
Lantz O, Jouvin MH, De Vernejoul MC, Druet P.
Renal fluoride toxicity in human beings is difficult to assess in the literature. Although experimental studies and research on methoxyflurane toxicity have shown frank renal damage, observations of renal insufficiency related to chronic fluoride exposure are scarce. We report a case of fluoride intoxication related to potomania of Vichy water, a highly mineralized water containing 8.5 mg/L of fluoride. Features of fluoride osteosclerosis were prominent and end-stage renal failure was present. The young age of the patient, the long duration of high fluoride intake, and the absence of other cause of renal insufficiency suggest a causal relationship between fluoride intoxication and renal failure.
PMID: 3605090 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Ann Emerg Med 1987 Jul;16(7):777-81
Sudden cardiac death from acute fluoride intoxication: the role of potassium.
McIvor ME, Cummings CE, Mower MM, Wenk RE, Lustgarten JA, Baltazar RF, Salomon J.
The mechanism of sudden cardiac death following acute fluoride intoxication has been thought to result from profound hypocalcemia produced by the precipitation of calcium fluoride salts. In studies of a canine model, the onset of lethal ventricular arrhythmias was temporally more associated with an elevation of serum potassium than with a drop in serum calcium. Fluoride-induced hyperkalemia could not be prevented with glucose, insulin, or bicarbonate. In the erythrocytes, a five-minute exposure to 10 mM NaF caused a 50% increase in extracellular potassium concentrations after 12 hours compared to control erythrocyte suspensions (P less than .001). The total potassium efflux after 12 hours of incubation was linearly related to the log of fluoride contact time (r, 0.886; P less than .001). The treatment of fluoride-induced hyperkalemia may depend on removal of fluoride and potassium.
PMID: 3592332 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Burn Care Rehabil 1987 May-Jun;8(3):216-9
Fatal hydrofluoric acid cutaneous exposure with refractory ventricular fibrillation.
Mullett T, Zoeller T, Bingham H, Pepine CJ, Prida XE, Castenholz R, Kirby R.
A patient with hydrofluoric acid burns involving only 8% of his body surface area died from intractable cardiac arrhythmia secondary to the depletion of ionized calcium by fluoride ion. For burns of this type, immediate subcutaneous injection of 10% calcium gluconate into the burn wound is recommended and the dose given should be titrated to the relief of local pain. Immediate debridgement of the burn wound also can decrease the treacherous aspect of the circulating fluoride ion, which binds to calcium to form an insoluble salt, effectively removing the calcium ion from any physiologic interaction.
PMID: 3649345 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1987; 20(1):30-35
Fluoride analysis of milk in Japan
Bessho Y *, Tomita M, Kaneko Y
* Yoko Bessho, Department of Hygiene and Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
Summary: To determine the total and ionizable fluorine levels in milk, we applied and examined the optimum working conditions for each of the folllowing three methods: 1) gas chromatographic method after pretreatment with low temperature oxygen plasma ashing; 2) separation of fluorine by microdiffusion followed by gas chromatographic analysis; and 3) direct measurement of ionizable fluoride in milk by the fluuoride ion-selective electrode method.
Total and ionizable fluoride levels of 20 kinds of milk obtained from different districts of production in Japan, which were determined and compared, varied according to different districts of production . The ratio of total fluoride to ionizable fluoride was not always in agreement.
No Abstract available
Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1987 Oct;42(10 Suppl 1):S95-8
The effect of NaF on salivary gland function.
Allmann DW, Shahed AR.
PMID: 3483715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
No Abstract available
Shikwa Gakuho 1987 Sep;87(9):1209-22
[The mechanism of fibrillary twitch of the skeletal muscle observed in acute fluoride intoxication]
[Article in Japanese]
Hattori T.
PMID: 3506773 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Sci Total Environ 1987 Oct;66:65-72
Reduction of airborne fluoride emissions from Canadian aluminium smelters as revealed by snow chemistry.
Ouellet M.
INRS-Eau, Universite de Quebec, Sainte-Foy, Canada.
Fluorides in surface snowcover originating from two old Canadian aluminium smelters were studied over an area of 4500 km2, in March 1978 and 1984. During that period, the completion of a depollution programme within the smelters reduced the airborne gaseous emissions from 1.5 to 0.7 kg Ft-1 of metal produced. In 1978, more than 3000 km2 of the regional area was contaminated by industrial fluorides with snowborne concentrations of up to 13 mg l-1. Reduction of the gaseous fluoride emissions, concomitant with a substantial reduction of the total particulate emissions, have greatly decreased the snowborne fluoride contamination so that the maximum concentration of fluorides in snow is now only 1 mg l-1.
PMID: 3685959 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Pediatrics 1987 Jul;80(1):107-10
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 1988; 21(2):101
Preventive dental care: the role of the pediatrician.
Herrmann HJ, Roberts MW.Reprints: National Institute of Dental Research, NIH Building 10, Room 65255, Bethesda MD 10892. USA.
In 1966, prenatal fluoride supplements wee removed from the market because of insufficient evidence of efficacy. Now they are being recommended: 0.25 mg of fluoride per day until 2 years of age, 0.5 mg/d for ages 2 to 3 years and 1.0 mg/d after 3 years.Precautions are urged for the significantly underweight child. "Children younger than 2 years ingesting 0.5 mg/d (double the recommended dosage) can exhibit" the article states, "mild dental fluorosis (mottled or discolored tooth enamel)." Consequently pediatricians are cautioned to take a careful dietary history and to test drinking water supplies.
No Abstract available
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1987 Jan;38(1):163-70
Effects of treatment with sodium fluoride and subsequent starvation on fluoride content of earthworms.
Walton KC.
PMID: 3814846 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The Science of the Total Environment 1987; 65:257-260
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 1988; 21(4):210
Tooth damage in field voles, wood mice and moles in areas polluted by fluoride from an aluminum reduction plant
KC Walton
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Station, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2LQ, UK
Aluminum production, a major cause of fluoride contamination of the environment, originates from cryolite, or its equivalent, used as a flux in the electrolytic reduction of alumina. Fluoride is emitted from aluminum plants in particulate and gaseous forms; both are dispersed by prevailing winds. During an investigtion into fluoride in ecosystem components around an aluminum reduction plant at Holyhead, Anglesey, in North Wales, small mammals were collected during 1977-85 (200 field voles Microtus agrestis, 303 wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus, 80 moles Talpa europaea and 240 common shrews Sorex araneus). Tooth damage was caused by high concentrations of skeletal fluroide in the first three species.
Severe tooth damage was observed only in those animals caught within a very short distance of the reduction plant, 200-300 m downwind (NE, the direction to which the prevailing SW winds blow) in the case of field voles (n = 13) and wood mice (n = 7), and 500 m downwind in the case of one mole. In addition, a significant increase in tooth wear was noted in moles between 4 and 15 km from the reduction plant, compared with moles from beyond 15 km, associated with increased bone fluroide content. Gross changes in teeth were seen in all three species.
Tooth wear and skeletal fluoride content were compared for two groups of moles, one group from within 15 km of the reduction plant (n = 76), the other from outside this area (n = 40). Frequency distribution for fluroide content and tooth wear differed markedly between the two groups of moles. The tooth wear index in the polluted group was roughly twice that in the unpolluted group.
It is not known whether the rodents in the area studied have constant dental disabilities, but still live long enough to breed; or whether the area is constantly re-colonized from outside by animals which subsequently succumb to high fluroide levels, but are sometimes caught by the investigator.
Environ Res 1987 Aug;43(2):350-8
The pathogenicity of dust from a fluorite mine.
Xu YH, Zhang SJ, Wu CQ, Zhou J, Chang HF, Yu SQ.
The pathogenicity of mixed dust from a fluorite mine was studied by animal experiments and in vitro tests. Animal experiments showed that calcium fluorite can induce only a foreign body reaction in the lungs; the fibrous nodular lesions induced by the fluorite mine dust are due mainly to its silica component. It was demonstrated that either silica or the mixed dust of a fluorite mine can stimulate pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) to release fibrogenetic factors in vitro, but calcium fluorite cannot. It was also demonstrated that having engulfed calcium fluorite, silica, or fluorite mine mixed dust, PAMs release an elastase-active substance. The authors suggest that the emphysematous lesion seen in autopsy material of pneumoconiosis of fluorite mine workers may be caused by calcium fluorite and silica.
PMID: 3038510 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chin Med J (Engl) 1987 Nov;100(11):879-85
No Abstract available
Bone dynamic changes in experimental fluorosis of rats.
Qiu MC, Zhu XY, Li SL, Sun GL, Ni AM, Song WZ, Zhang JL.
PMID: 3130227 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Med Klin 1987 Aug 21;82(17):587-9, 593
No Abstract available
[Acute fluorine-induced kidney failure following isoflurane with fatal organ oxalosis]
[Article in German]
Piper C, Dorner O, Zadkovic N, Remmele W, von Egidy H.
PMID: 3657733 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fundam Appl Toxicol 1987 Aug;9(2):329-38
Contaminant and nutrient concentrations of natural ingredient rat and mouse diet used in chemical toxicology studies.
Rao GN, Knapka JJ.
National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
The NIH-07 open formula natural ingredient rat and mouse ration is the standard diet for chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity studies conducted for the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Contaminant and nutrient concentrations were determined in 2 to 94 lots of this diet used in the NTP toxicology studies. All nutrient concentrations were equivalent to or greater than the requirements for rats and mice as set forth by the National Research Council. Aflatoxins, Hg, chlorinated hydrocarbons except methoxychlor, organophosphates except malathion, estrogenic activity, and Salmonella sp. were not present at the detectable levels. Fluorine, As, Cd, Pb, Se, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosomorpholine, nitrate, nitrite, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethylene dibromide, methoxychlor, malathion, and trypsin inhibitor activity were present at or above the detectable levels. Five lots of diet had nitrosamine content of 100 to 273 ppb and 7 lots had 2.08 to 3.37 ppm of Pb. All other lots of NIH-07 diet used for NTP toxicology studies contained low levels of the contaminants. After determination of the contaminant concentrations in the 94 lots of diet and the contaminant concentrations in natural ingredients used in formulating NIH-07 diet, maximum allowable levels of contaminants were established and a flexible scoring system for acceptability of each lot of diet for chemical toxicology studies was developed. By prescreening ingredients such as fish meal for heavy metals and nitrosamines, and applying the flexible scoring system proposed, more than 95% of the lots of NIH-07 diet produced during the last 3 years had scores of greater than or equal to 95 out of 100 points and were considered acceptable for toxicology studies.
PMID: 3653575 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1987 Jun;38(6):934-6
No Abstract available
Acute toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate to the striped skunk.
Eastland WG, Beasom SL.
PMID: 3580616 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1987 May;16(3):357-66
No Abstract available
Primary and secondary toxicity of warfarin, sodium monofluoroacetate, and methyl parathion in mink.
Aulerich RJ, Ringer RK, Safronoff J.
PMID: 3592762 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Zhonghua Fang She Xue Za Zhi 1985 Dec;19(6):355-7
No Abstract available
[Follow-up radiologic observation of skeletal fluorosis in children]
[Article in Chinese]
Zhang WX.
PMID: 2938916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chin Med J (Engl) 1987 Jan;100(1):8-16
No Abstract available
X-ray findings and pathological basis of bone fluorosis.
Xu JC, Wang YZ, Xue DM, Xin SZ, Dai RT, Zhang ZL, Cheng X.
PMID: 3109832 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 1987 Apr;25(4):228-30, 254
No Abstract available
[Fluorosis associated with compression of the spinal cord and cauda equina]
[Article in Chinese]
Guo SF, Shao J, Zhang YX.
PMID: 3652880 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chin Med J (Engl) 1987 Apr;100(4):330-2
No Abstract available
Is the severity of osteosclerosis of fluorosis proportional to the dose of fluoride intake?
Qui MC, Li SL, Zhang NX, Bai CJ.
PMID: 3115701 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Clin Pharmacokinet 1987 Mar;12(3):145-67
Clinical pharmacokinetics of the inhalational anaesthetics.
Dale O, Brown BR Jr.
At present, the most widely used inhalational anaesthetics are the halogenated, inflammable vapours halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and the gas nitrous oxide. The anaesthetic effect of these agents is related to their tension or partial pressure in the brain, represented at equilibrium by the alveolar concentration. The minimum alveolar concentration for a specific agent is remarkably constant between individuals. The uptake and distribution of inhalational anaesthetics depends on inhaled concentration, pulmonary ventilation, solubility in blood, cardiac output and tissue uptake. Inhalational anaesthetics are mainly eliminated by pulmonary exhalation, but significant amounts of halothane are removed by hepatic metabolism. Inhalational agents currently in use have acceptable pharmacokinetic characteristics, and clinical acceptance depends on their potential for adverse effects. Induction of anaesthesia with halothane is rapid and relatively pleasant and it is the agent of choice for paediatric anaesthesia. Between 20 and 50% is metabolised, and the parent drug is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. Post-operatively enzyme induction may follow. The major disadvantages of halothane are myocardial depression, propensity to evoke cardiac arrhythmias and the rare but serious halothane hepatitis. Induction and recovery from enflurane anaesthesia is rapid. Metabolism accounts for 5 to 9% of the elimination. The metabolic product inorganic fluoride may in rare cases cause renal toxicity. Enflurane is a weak inhibitor of drug metabolism at anaesthetic concentrations. Enflurane depresses circulation more than halothane by reducing both myocardial contractility and systemic vascular resistance, but cardiac rhythm is stable. Enflurane anaesthesia may, unlike the other agents, induce epileptic activity. Enflurane is widely used as replacement for halothane in adults. Despite its low blood-gas solubility, the airway irritability of isoflurane precludes a faster induction of anaesthesia than with halothane. Isoflurane is almost resistant to biodegradation. Myocardial contractility is maintained during isoflurane anaesthesia and cardiac rhythm is stable except for the occurrence of tachycardia in some patients. Isoflurane is the inhalational agent of choice for neurosurgical operations. Sevoflurane is an experimental ether vapour: induction and recovery is fast and pleasant. It is metabolised to the same extent as enflurane and subnephrotoxic concentrations of inorganic fluoride may result. Sevoflurane has fewer respiratory and cardiovascular depressant effects than halothane and may be a future alternative for paediatric anaesthesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Publication Types: Review
PMID: 3555939 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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